مشرفو المجنّدين الأجانب في الجيش في مصر القديمة والألقاب المرتبطة بهم

عبد العظيم, عماد

doi:10.21608/jguaa.2020.31984.1104

الصفحة الرئيسية قائمة المقالات بيانات المقالة

|
|
|
إرسال الاستشهاد إلى
RIS EndNote BibTeX APA MLA Harvard Vancouver
|
شارك

المقالات الجاهزة للنشر

العدد الحالي

أرشيف الدورية

المجلد 22 (2021)

العدد 1

المجلد 21 (2020)

المجلد 20 (2019)

المجلد 19 (2018)

المجلد 18 (2017)

المجلد 17 (2016)

المجلد 16 (2015)

المجلد 15 (2014)

المجلد 14 (2013)

المجلد 13 (2012)

المجلد 12 (2011)

المجلد 11 (2010)

المجلد 10 (2009)

المجلد 9 (2008)

المجلد 8 (2007)

المجلد 7 (2006)

المجلد 6 (2005)

المجلد 5 (2004)

المجلد 4 (2003)

المجلد 3 (2002)

المجلد 2 (2001)

المجلد 1 (2000)

	مشرفو المجنّدين الأجانب في الجيش في مصر القديمة والألقاب المرتبطة بهم
المقالة 9، المجلد 22، العدد 1، الشتاء و الربيع 2021، الصفحة 200-237 PDF (1.68 MB)
نوع المستند: المقالة الأصلية
معرف الوثيقة الرقمي: 10.21608/jguaa.2020.31984.1104
المؤلف
عماد عبد العظيم
قسم التاريخ- کلية الآداب- جامعة الفيوم
المستخلص
بدأ الأجانب بالاندماج في الجيش المصري منذ النصف الأخير من عصر الدولة القديمة، وکشفت حملات "وني" عن مشارکة بعض المجندين الأجانب أبرزهم النوبيين والإرثت، والنوبيون استمروا لفترة طويلة في الجيش المصري کمجندين تحت مسمى "المدجاى"، ومع عصر الدولة الوسطى بدأت تظهر عناصر أجنبية جديدة في الجيش المصري مثل الليبيين، ومع التوسع الکبير للحملات العسکرية في عصر الدولة الحديثة؛ زادت أعداد الأسرى الأجانب والتي تم إدماج مجموعات منهم في الجيش المصري، فتنوعت عناصر الجيش بجانب المصريين وتألفت من نوبيين وکوشيين وأسيويين مثل الشردن والنعرن وغيرهم، ثم ظهرت عناصر أخرى في العصر المتأخر مثل اليونانيين والکاريين والأيونيين. وکان على رأس بعض الفرق الأجنبية في الجيش بعض المشرفين، منهم من کان مصريًا ومنهم من کان من نفس فئة المجندين، ويناقش البحث هؤلاء المشرفين وألقابهم والمجموعات العسکرية التي تولوا قيادتها، وتخلص الورقة البحثية إلى أن بعض هؤلاء المشرفين کانوا من المصريين وبعضهم من الأجانب، وبعضهم کانوا من نفس فئة المجموعة التي يقودها، ومبرر ذلک لسهولة التواصل معهم، وتنوعت ألقابهم وأشارت بعضها إلى مصطلحات جغرافية، وبعض الألقاب کانت لا تشير إلى فئة معينة، ولکن أمکن معرفة الفئة من أصل الضابط المسئول عنها. *The Overseers of Foreign Soldiers* *in Ancient Egyptian Army and their Titles* *Abstract:*The Foreigners generally started to emerge in Egyptian army since the late Old Kingdom in Egypt, such as the Nubian and Irthet soldiers that appeared in Weni campaigns and merged into the ancient Egyptian army. After that, their role expanded in the Middle Kingdom beside other foreign soldiers, such as Libyans. The paintings and inscriptions depicted them with their weapons. In the New Kingdom, the Military campaigns increased and accordingly the number of captives rose. Thus, other foreign soldiers appeared as the Sherdn, Na^crn, Asiatic, etc. These Foreign soldiers had overseers. This paper discusses the overseers, their groups, and their titles. Some of the overseers were Egyptian officers, as shown in the archival texts of the New Kingdom, while in other groups their officers were foreigners. The officer was from the same group, to be able to communicate with the soldiers and understand their language. Some titles of these officers included geographical terms, while some of them were not referring to any group, but their affiliation could be traced from the officers themselves.
الكلمات الرئيسية
المجندون الأجانب؛ الجيش؛ مصر القديمة؛ النوبيون؛ الآسيويون Egyptian Army؛ Foreign Soldiers؛ Ancient Egypt؛ Nubian؛ Asiatic
الموضوعات الرئيسية
Ancient Civilizations؛ Egyptology


المراجع
قائمة المراجـــع أولاً: المراجع العربية والمعربة: - قدري، أحمد، المؤسسة العسکرية المصرية في عصر الإمبراطورية 1570- 1087 ق.م، ترجمة مختار السويفي ومحمد العزب موسى، مشروع المائة کتاب، القاهرة، 1985م. - Qadrī, Aḥmad, Al-muʾasasaal-ʿaskarīya al-miṣrīyafīʿaṣr al-imbrāṭūrīya 1570-1087B.C, translated by Muẖtār al-Siwifī & Muḥammad al-ʿAzab Mūsā, Mašrūʿ al-māʾat kitāb, Cairo,1985. - التوراة. -al-Tūrāh - فيتمان، جونتر، مصر والأجانب في الألفية الأولى قبل الميلاد، ترجمة عبد الجواد مجاهد، المرکز القومي للترجمة (1329)، القاهرة، 2009م. - Wittmann, Gunter,Miṣr waʾl-ʾǧānib fī al-alfīya al-ūla qabil al-milād, translated by ʿAbd al-Ǧawād Miǧāhid, national center for translation, 1329, Cairo 2009. - عاشور، عماد عبد العظيم: صوامع الغلال في مصر والشرق الأدنى القديم دراسة مقارنة، المؤتمر الدولي الأول لکلية الآثار جامعة الفيوم، 2014 م - ʿĀšūr ʿImād ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīm, Ṣawāmiʿ al-ġilal fī Miṣr waʾl-šariq al-adnā al-qadīm dirāsa muqārna,The first international conference Faculty of Archeology, Fayoum University, 2014. -عباس، محمد رأفت ،الجيش في مصر القديمة، عصر الدولة الحديثة 1550-1069 ق.م، جـ. 1-2، القاهرة، 2015م. - Abbās, Muḥammad Raʾfat,al-Ǧayš fīMiṣr al-qadīmaʿaṣr al-dawlaal-ḥadīṯa,vol. 1-2, Cairo, 2015. ثانيا المراجع الأجنبية: - Abbas, M. R., “The Maryannu in the Western Desert during the Ramesside Period”, in: Abgadiyat 8, 2013. - --------------, “The Bodyguard of Ramesses II and the Battle of Kadesh”, in: ENIM 9, 2016. - --------------, “A Survey of the Military Role of the Sherden Warriors in the Egyptian Army during the Ramesside Period”, in: ENIM 10, 2017. - Abdalla, M., “the Foreign Captives in Ancient Egypt”, PhD thesis, Cairo University, 2000. - Al-Ayedi, A., Index of Egyptian Administrative, Religious and Military Titles of the New Kingdom, Ismalia, 2006. - Ampolo, C., Bresciani, E., “Psammetico re d’Egitto e il mercenario Pedon”, in: EVO11, 1988. - Arnold, D., The Encyclopedia of Ancient Egyptian Architecture, I.B.Tauris 2002. - Bear, K., Rank and titles in the Old Kingdom, Chicago, 1960. - Björkman, G., “Neby, the Mayor of Tjaru in the Reign of Tuthmosis IV”, in: JARCE 11, 1974. - Booth, Ch., The Role of Foreigners in Ancient Egypt, a study of non-stereotypical representations, BAR 2005. - Borchardt, L., “Ein Königserlaß aus Dahschur (mit 2 Tafeln und 1 Abbildung")”, in: ZÄS 42, (1905). - Breasted, H., The battle of Kadesh: A Study in the Earliest known military strategy, Chicago, 1903. - Bunson, M. R. Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt (Revised edition), Facts on File. New York, 2002. - Burne, A., “Some Notes on the Battle of Kadesh: Being a Military Commentary on Professor J. H. Breasted's Book, "The Battle of Kadesh”, (University of Chicago Press, 1903)’, in: JEA 7, No. 3/4. Oct., 1921. - Černý, J., “Graffiti at the Wādi el-'Allāḳi”, in: JEA 33, Dec., 1947. - Chevereau, P., “Contribution à la Prosopographie des Cadres Militaires de L’Ancien Empire et de la Première Période Intermédiaire”, in: RdE 38, 1987. - ----------------, “Informations et Documents, Addenda-Corrigenda À La Prosopographie des Cadres Militaires Égyptiens de la Basse Époque”, RdE 41, 1990. - ----------------, “Contribution à la Prosopographie des Cadres Militaires de Moyen Empire”, in: RdE 42, 1991. - ----------------, Prosopographie des Cadres Militaires Égyptiens du Nouvel Empire, Paris, 1994. - Daressy, G., “Statue de Zedher le Sauveur”, in: ASAE 17, 1917. - Davies, N., The Tombs of Two Officials of Thutmosis the Fourth, London, 1923. - -------------, Ancient Egyptian Paintings, Vol. I, Plates 1-52, Chicago, 1936. - -------------, and Macadam, M.F.L., Corpus of InscribedEgyptian Funerary Cones. Oxford: Griffith Institute, 1957. - De Morgan, J., Catalogue des monuments et inscriptions de l’Égypte antique. Première série: Haute Egypte. Tome I: De la frontière de Nubie à Kom Ombos, Paris, 1894. - Edel, E. “Zur Lesung und Bedeutung einiger Stellen in der biographischen Inschrift S3-rnpwt's I”, in: ZÄS 87, 1962. - ----------, “Die Ländernamen Unternubiens und die Ausbreitung der C-Gruppe nach den Reiseberichten des Ḥrw-ḫwjf”, in: Orientalia 36, No. 2. 1967. - ----------, “Zwei neue Felsinschriften aus Tumas mit nubi-schen Landernamen", in: ZÄS 97 1971. - ----------, “Felsinschriften aus dem Alten Reich auf der Insel Sehêl”, in: MDAIK 37, 1981. - Edelman, D., “Are the Kings of the Amorites"Swept Away"in Joshua XXIV 12?”, in: VT 41, Fasc. 3. Jul., 1991. - Edgerton, W., “The Nauri Decree of Seti I: A Translation and Analysis of the Legal Portion”, in: JNES 6, No. 4 (Oct., 1947). - Eichler, E., Untersuchungen zum Expeditionswesen des Ägyptischen Alten Reiches, Wiesbaden, 1993. - Emanuel, J., “Šrdn of the Sea: A Reassessment of the Sherden and their Role in Egyptian Society” ,Annual Meeting of AIA, 2012. - Faulkner, R.O., “Egyptian Military Organization”, in: JEA 39, 1953. - ------------------, A concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Reprint Edition, 2002. - Fischer, H., “An Occurrence of Ḥnn-nśwt "Ehnasya" on Two Statuettes of the Late Old Kingdom”, in: JAOS 81, No. 4. Se - Dec., 1961. - --------------, “The Nubiam Mercenaries of Gebelein during the First Intermediate period”, in: Kush 9, part I, 1961. - --------------, Some Reliefs reassembled, Egyptian studies I, Varia. New York, 1976. - Gal, Z., “An Early Iron Age Site near Tel Menorah in the Beth-Shan Valley”, in: Tel Aviv 6, 1979. - Galan, J., Victory and Border, Terminology related to Egyptian Imperialism XVIIIth Dynasty, Hildesheim, 1995. - Gardiner, A., “Inscriptions from tlie tomb of Si-renpowet I., prince of Elephantine (mit Tafel VI.VII.VIII)”, in: ZÄS 45, 1908. - ----------------, Egyptian Hieratic Texts - Series I: Literary Texts of the New Kingdom, Part I, Leipzig, 1911. - ----------------, “the Egyptian word for Dragoman”, in: PSBA 37, 1915. - ----------------, “The Ancient Military Road between Egypt and Palestine”,in: JEA 6, No. 2. Apr., 1920. - ----------------, “Piankhi's Instructions to His Army”, in: JEA 21, No. 2. Dec., 1935. - ----------------, the Wilbour Papyrus, III, Oxford, 1948. - ----------------, Late Egyptian Miscellanies, London, 1954. - ----------------, The Kadesh Inscriptions of Ramses II, Oxford, 1960. - ----------------, Egypt of the Pharaohs, Oxford, 1964. - ----------------, Peet,E., Cerny, J.,Inscriptions of Sinai II, London, 1955. - Gauthier, H., “A Travers la Basse-Egypte”, in: ASAE 22, 1922. - ---------------, “Le Livre des Rois III, Le Livre des Rois d'Égypte De la XIXe à la XXIVe dynastie”, in: MIFAO 19. 1, 1914. - Giveon, R., Les Bedouins Shasu u des documents Egyptians, Leiden, 1971. - -------------, “The Shosu of the Late XX^th Dynasty”, in: JARCE 8, 1969- 1970. - -------------, “Shasu”, LÄ, V, 1984. - Gnirs, A.,“Coping with the Army: The Military and the State in the New Kingdom”, in: Ancient Egyptian Administration, (Ede. Gracia, J), Leiden, Boston, 2013. - Goedicke, H., “The Title in the Old Kingdom”, in: JEA 46, 1960. - ---------------, “An Additional Note on aA 'Foreigner”, in: JEA 52, 1966. - ---------------, “Considerations on the Battle of Ḳadesh”, in: JEA 52, 1966. - Gordon, A., “Foreigners’, the Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt”, Vol.1, Oxford, 2010. - Grandet, P., Le Papyrus Harris I, Le Caire, 1994. - Griffith, F., “The Abydos Decree of Seti I at Nauri”, in: JEA, 13, No. 3/4. Nov., 1927. - Gundlach, R., “Zur Rolle Sarenputs I., Gaufürsten von Elephantine, als königlichen Beauftragten für Nubische Erzeugnisse”, in: ZÄS 86, 1961. - Habachi, L., “King Nebhepetre Menthuhotp: His Monuments, Place in History, Deification and Unusual Representations in the Form of Gods”, in: MDAIK 19, 1963. - ---------------, “The Owner of Tomb No. 282 in the Theban Necropolis”, in: JEA 54. (Aug., 1968). - ---------------, “Miscellanea on Viceroys of Kush and their Assistants Buried in Draʿ Abu El-Naga', South”, in: JARCE 13, 1976. - Haider, P., “Epigraphische Quellen zur Integration von Griechen in die ägyptische Gesellschaft der Saïtenzei”, in Naukratis: Die Beziehungen zu Ostgriechenland, Ägypten und Zypern in archaischer Ziet, (Ursula Höckmann and Detlev Kreikenbom, Eds.) 2001. - Heagren, B., “The Art of War in Pharaonic Egypt, An Analysis of the Tactical, Logistic, and Operational Capabilities of the Egyptian Army (Dynasties XVII-XX)”, PhD thesis, University of Auckland, 2010. - Helk, W., Wirtschaftsgeschichte des alten Ägypten im 3. und 4. Jahrtausend vor Chr. Lieden-Köln, 1975. - Husson, G., Valbelle, D., L'Etat et les Institutions en Egypte des Premiers Pharaons aux Empereurs Romains, Paris, 1992. - Junker, H., “The First Appearance of the Negroes in History”, in: JEA 7, 1921. - Karl, J., Inschriften der Spätzeit. Teil II: Die 22-24. Dynastie, Wiesbaden, 2007. - Kitchen, K., Pharaoh Triumphant. The Life and Times of Ramses II King of Egypt, Warminster, 1982. - Kozloff, A., Aménophis III Le pharaon Soleil, Paris, 1993. - Kryszat, G., “Die Alt Assyrischen Belege Für den Gott Amurru”, in: RAAO 100, 2006. - Leahy, A., "Ethnic diversity in Ancient Egypt", In J Sasson (ed.). Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, Vol. I, 1995. - Lesko, L., A Dictionary of Late Egyptian, Vol. I, 2^nd Edition, 2002. - Liszka, K., “We have Come to Serve Pharaoh”: A study of the Medjay and Pangrave as an ethnic group and as mercenaries from c. 2300 BCE until c. 1050 BCE.”, PhD thesis, University of Pennsylvania, 2012. - Manniche, L., The Tombs of the Nobles at Luxor, Cairo, American University, 1987. - Maspero, G., “Rapport à M. Jules Ferry, ministre de l'instruction publique sur une mission en Italie”, in: RT 3, 1882. - Maspero, G., Études de Mythologie et d'Archéologie Égyptiennes, II, Paris, 1893. - Max Mueller, W., Egyptological Researches II, Washington, 1906. - Meffre, R., “Un Nouveau nom d’Horus d’or de Sheshonq Ier sur le bloc Caire JE 39410”, in: BIFAO 110, 2010. - Michaux-Colombot, D., “Geographical Enigmas Related to Nubia, Medja, Punt, Meluhha and Magan," in Nubian Studies 1998: Proceedings of the Ninth Conference of the International Society of Nubian Studies, ed. Timothy Kendall (Boston: Department of African-American Studies Northeastern University, 2004). - Michaux-Colombot, D., “Qui sont les Medjay et où se Situait leur Territoire?” in: Pharaons Noirs: Sur la Piste des Quarante Jours, ed. Marie-Cecile Bruwier (Belgium: Museé Royal de Mariemont, 2007. - Morris, E., The Architecture of Imperialism: Military Bases and the Evolution of Foreign Policy in Egypt’s New Kingdom, Leiden, 2004. - O'Connor, D., “The Locations of Yam and Kush and Their Historical Implications" in: JARCE 23, 1986. - Oren, E., “Notes and News: Bir el-'Abd (Northern Sinai)”, IEJ 23, (1973). - ----------, and Shereshevsky, J., Military Architecture along the 'Ways of Horus' — Egyptian Reliefs and Archaeological Evidence”, Eretz-Israel 20, 1989. - Peet, E., the Great Tomb-Robberies of the Twentieth Egyptian Dynasty, Vol. I, Oxford, 1930. - Pernigotti, S., “Il generale Potasimto e la sua famiglia”, SCO 17, (1968). - ----------------, “Il Generale Potasimto E La sua Famiglia, Studi Classicie”, Orientali 17, 1968. - ----------------, “Les Rapports entre les Grecs et l’Égypte à l’ Époque Saïte: Les aspects Juridiques et Institutionnels”, Méditerranées, 67, 1996. - Petrie, F., A Season of Egypt, London, 1888. - -----------, Ehnasya, London, 1904. - Piacentini, P., Les Scribes dans la Société Égyptienne de l'Ancien Empire, I. Les Premières Dynasties. Les Nécropoles Memphites (EME 5), Paris: Cybèle, 2002. - Pierret, P., Recueil d'inscriptions inédites du Musée égyptien du Louvre, II, Paris, 1878. - Pirenne, J., Histoire des institutions et du droit privé de l'ancienne Égypte, Brussels, III, 1935. - Posener, G., , in: ZÄS 83, (1958). - --------------, “Les Asiatiques en Égypte sous les XII^e et XIII^e dynasties (À propos d'un livre récent)”, in: Syria, T. 34, Fasc. 1/2, 1957. - Rainey, A., “The Soldier-Scribe in Papyrus Anastasi I”, in: JNES 26, No. 1. Jan., 1967. - Ratié, S., “Un « Chaouabti » du Général Potasimto”, in: BIFAO 62, 1961. - Read, F.W., “the sense of the word ”, in: BIFAO 13, 1917. - Roccati, A., La Littérature Historique sous l'Ancien Empire Égyptien, Paris, 1982. - Rowe, A., “New Light cm Objects bel. to the Générais Po tasimto and Amasis in the Egyptian Muséum”, in: ASAE 38, 1938. - Sagrillo, T., “The Geographic Origins of the “Bubastite” Dynasty and Possible Locations for the Royal Residence and Burial Place of Shoshenq I”, in: The Libyan Period in Egypt Historical and Cultural Studies into the 21^th – 24^th Dynasties: proceedings of a conference at leiden university, 25-27 october 2007, G. F. Broekman, R. J, Demarée and O.E. Kaper (eds.) . - Sauneron, S., Yoyotte, J., “La Campagne Nubienne de Psammétique II et sa Signification Historique”, in: BIFAO 50, 1952. - Säve-Söderbergh, T., Agypten und Nubien: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte altägyptischer Aussenpolitik. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, 1941. - -----------------------, and Lana Troy. New Kingdom Pharaonic Sites: The Finds and the Sites. Edited by Torgny Säve-Söderbergh. The Scandinavian Joint Expedition to Sudanese Nubia 5:2. Uppsala: Almqvis & Wiksell Tryckeri, 1991. - Schneider, T., Ausländer in Ägypten während des Mittleren Reiches und der Hyksoszeit, (Ägypten und Altes Testamen 42). Teil 1: Die ausländischen Könige, Wiesbaden, 1998. - -----------------, “Foreigners in Egypt: Archaeological Evidence and Cultural Context”, in Egyptian Archaeology, Wendreich, W. (ed.), 2010. - Schulman, A., “The Nʿrn at the Battle of Kadesh”, in: JARCE 1, 1962. - -----------------, Military Rank, Title, and Organization in the Egyptian New Kingdom (Berlin: MÄS 6, 1964. - -----------------, “Excursus on the "Military Officer" Nakhtmin”, in: JARCE 3, 1964. - -----------------, “A Problem of Pedubasts”, in: JARCE 5, 1966. - -----------------, “Mhr and Mškb, Two Egyptian Military Titles of Semitic Origin”, in: ZÄS 93, 1966. - Seters, J., “The Terms"Amorite"and "Hittite"in the Old Testament”, in: VT 22, Fasc. 1. Jan., 1972. - Shirley, J., “What’s in a Title? Military and Civil Officials in the Egyptian 18^th Dynasty Military Sphere”, in: Egypt, Canaan and Israel: History, Imperialism, Ideology and Literature (eds. BAR S, Kahn, D., Shireley, J.) 2009. - Singer, I., “The Land of Amurru"and the "Lands of Amurru"in the Šaušgamuwa Treaty”, in: Iraq 53, 1991. - Spalinger, A., “Some Notes on the Libyans of Old Kingdom and later Historical reflexe”, in: JSSEA 9, 1978. - ----------------, “The Military Background of the Campaign of Piye (Piankhy)”, in: SAK 7, 1979. - ----------------, “The Northern Wars of Seti I: An Integrative Study”, in: JARCE 16, 1979. - ----------------, War in Ancient Egypt. The New Kingdom, Malden, 2005. - Speigelberg, W., Erman, A., “Grabstein eines syrischen Söldners aus Tell Amarna”, in: ZÄS 36, 1898. - Stieglitz, R., “The City of Amurru”, in: JNES 50, No. 1. Jan., 1991. - Sturm, J., “Der Hettiterkrieg Rameses' II”, in: WZKM 4, 1939. - Tod, M., A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions, Oxford, 1933. - Tresson, P., “L'Inscription de Chechanq Ier, au Musée du Caire: un Frappant Example d’Impot Progressif en Matiére Religieuse”, Mélanges Maspero, 1.2, in: MIFAO 66.2, 1934. - Vercoutter, J., “Les Haou-Nebout ”, in: BIFAO 46, 1947. - ----------------, “Les Haou-Nebout ‘suite”, in: BIFAO 48, 1949. - ----------------, “Upper Egyptian Settlers in Middle Kingdom Nubia”, in: Kush 5, 1957. - Ward, W., “The Shasu ‘Bedouin’: Notes on a Recent Publication”, in: JESHO 15, 1972. - Index of Egyptian Administrative and Religious titles of the Middle Kingdom, American University of Beirut, 1982. - Weill, R., Les Origines de l'Egypte Pharaonique, Vol. 1: IIe et La IIIe Dynasties, Paris, 1992. - Wilson, H., People of the Pharaohs: From Peasant to Courtier, London, 1997. - Wilson, J., “The Libyans and the end of the Egyptian Empire”, in: AJSL 51, 1935. - Wreszinski, W., Atlas zur Altaegyptischen Kulturgeschichte II, Leipzig, 1935. - Yoyotte, J., “Potasimto de Pharbaïthos et le titre grand combattant-maître du triomphe”, in: CdE 28, 1953. - ------------, “Études géographiques 1”, in: RdE 13, 1961. - ------------, “Les Proncipautés du Delta au Temps de L’Anarchie Libyenne (Études d’Histoire Politique)”, in: MIFAO 66.4, 1961. - Zorn, J., “LU. pa-ma-ḫa-a in EA 162:74 and the Role of the MHR in Egypt and Ugarit”, in: JNES 50, No. 2. Apr., 1991.
الإحصائيات عدد المشاهدات للمقالة: 376 تنزیل PDF: 152