رواش, هيام. (2020). تنوع اماکن العبادة الشعبية ومُصليات عامة الشعب (hwt-rxyt )منذ عصر الدولة الحديثة. مجلة الإتحاد العام للآثاريين العرب, 21(2), 491-523. doi: 10.21608/jguaa.2020.26816.1078
هيام رواش. "تنوع اماکن العبادة الشعبية ومُصليات عامة الشعب (hwt-rxyt )منذ عصر الدولة الحديثة". مجلة الإتحاد العام للآثاريين العرب, 21, 2, 2020, 491-523. doi: 10.21608/jguaa.2020.26816.1078
رواش, هيام. (2020). 'تنوع اماکن العبادة الشعبية ومُصليات عامة الشعب (hwt-rxyt )منذ عصر الدولة الحديثة', مجلة الإتحاد العام للآثاريين العرب, 21(2), pp. 491-523. doi: 10.21608/jguaa.2020.26816.1078
رواش, هيام. تنوع اماکن العبادة الشعبية ومُصليات عامة الشعب (hwt-rxyt )منذ عصر الدولة الحديثة. مجلة الإتحاد العام للآثاريين العرب, 2020; 21(2): 491-523. doi: 10.21608/jguaa.2020.26816.1078
تنوع اماکن العبادة الشعبية ومُصليات عامة الشعب (hwt-rxyt )منذ عصر الدولة الحديثة
حرص عامة الشعب فى مصر القديمة على التقرب إلى معبوداتهم والتواصل معهم بطرق مُختلفة وفى اماکن متعددة، وقد اثبتت الدراسات تنوع اماکن عبادة عامة الشعب، ومن خلال دراسة تلک الأماکن يمکن تقسيمها إلى قسمين وهما: - اماکن عبادة شعبية متصلة بأماکن العبادة الرسمية، وتتواجد فى موضعين: المعابد الإلهية، والمعابد الجنائزية (معابد ملايين السنين). - اماکن عبادة عامة الشعب المُستقلة عن اماکن العبادة الرسمية،وتنقسم إلى نوعين : - مقاصير عبادة أقامها العامة لممارسة عبادتهم بداخلها ،وهى ما عُرفت بمقاصيرالعبادة المنزلية. - مقاصيراو مُصليات عبادة أقامتها الدولة ليُمارس فيها العامة عبادتهم ،وقد تم التعرف على نوعين من هذه المقاصير-حتى الآن- وهما مقاصير الخنو Xnw،و مقاصيرالعامة (Hwt-rxyt) ، ويرکز البحث على دراسة مقاصير Hwt-rxyt والتى تعنى"مقصورة اومعبد عامة الشعب" ، ولم نتعرف سوى على مثالين من هذه المقاصير وکلاهما فى هليوبوليس، وهما حوت رخيت للمعبود حور ام اخت،و حوت رخيت للمعبود ةإيزيس. حرص عامة الشعب فى مصر القديمة على التواصل مع المعبودات طلباً للسعادة، ودفع البلاء، والمدد، وغفران الذنوب. وهو ما انتشربشکل واسع فى عصر الدولة الحديثة والعصور المتاخرة وکان اقل شيوعا فى الفترات السابقة،
رواش،هيام حافظ ،مُصليات عامة الشعب (xnw) فى الدولة الحديثة، المجلد الحادى و العشرون - العدد االأول،2020م.
المراجع الأجنبية:
Accetta., K ., Access to the Divine in New Kingdom Egypt: Royal and public participation in the Opet Festival, Current Research in Egyptology 2012: Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Symposium,ed. C. Graves, University of Birmingham , 2013.
· Altenmüler, H.,"Feste", LÄ I, 1975.
· Arnold, D., "Royal Cult Complexes of the Old and Middle Kingdoms", in Temples of Ancient Egypt, ed.by B.E., Shafer, the American University in Cairo Press, 2005.
· Arnold, F.,"A Study of Egyptian Domestic Buildings", Varia Aegyptiaca 5, 1989.
· Assmann, J., Death and Salvation in Ancient Egypt, Cornell University, 2005.
· Badawy, A., "Maru-Aten, Pleasure Resort or Temple", JEA 42, 1956.
· Baines, J.,"Society, Morality, and Religious Practice". In: B.E.Shafer, Religion in Ancient Egypt: Gods, Myths, and Personal Practice , Cornell University Press,1991.
· Baly,C.," Notes on The Opening of The Mouth", JEA,1930.
· Barguet, P., Le temple d'Amon-Rê à Karnak, Le Caire, 1962.
· Bell, L., "Luxor Temple and the Cult of the Royal Ka", JNES 44, 1985.
· Bianchi. S.R., "Images of Isis and Her Cultic Shrines Reconsidered: Towards an Egyptian Understanding of the Interpretatio Graeca". In Bricault, Laurent; Versluys, Miguel John; Meyboom, Paul G. P. (eds.). Nile into Tiber: Egypt in the Roman World. Proceedings of the IIIrd International Conference of Isis Studies, Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, May 11–14 2005, Brill, 2007.
· Bietak, M.,Tell el-Dab'a V: Ein Friedhofsbezirk der Mbronzezeitkultur mit Totentempel und Siedlungsschichten, Wien, 1991.
· Bomann, H, A., The private chapel in Ancient Egypt : a study of the chapels in the workmen’s village et El Amarna with special reference to Deir el Medina and other sites, London, 1991.
· Bommas, M. "Isis, Osiris, and Serapis". In Riggs, Christina (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Roman Egypt, Oxford University Press, 2012.
· Brand, P.J., The Monuments of Seti I and their Historical Significance, Epigraphic, Art Historical and Historical Analysis, Ph.D. Dissertation, Toronto, 1998.
· Breasted, J.H .,Ancient Records of Egypt: Historical Documents from the Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest,Vol. 2,The Eigh-teenth Dynasty, Chicago: University of Chicago Press,1906.
· Bricault, L &Versluys, M. J. "Isis and Empires". In Bricault, Laurent; Versluys, Miguel John (eds.). Power, Politics and the Cults of Isis. Proceedings of the Vth International Conference of Isis Studies, Boulogne-sur-Mer, October 13–15, 2011, Brill, 2014.
· Brugsch.H,K., Dictionnaire géographique de l'ancienne Égypte, Leipzig, 1879.
· Bruyère , B., Rapport sur les fouilles de Deir el Médineh, 1935 à 1940, Fouilles de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale 20,Institut français d’archéologie orientale,Cairo,1948.
Capart, J &Gardiner, A& De walle, V.,"New Light on the Ramesside Tomb-Robberies", JEA 22, 1936.
· Capart,J &Gardiner, A., Le Papyrus Léopold II aux Musées royaux d'art et d'histoire de Bruxelles et le Papyrus Amherst à la Pierpont Morgan Library de New York,Bruxelles,1939.
· Černy, J., "Le culte d’Amenophis Ier chez les ouvriers de la nécropolis thébaine", BIFAO 27, 1927.
· Clarysse, W., Egyptian temples and priests :Graeco-Roman A companion to ancient Egypt, 2010.
· Daressy, G.," Les vêxues de Manêthon et la troisième ennêade hêliopolitaine", RT 19, 1897.
· Davies, Nina de G., "The Place of Audience in the Palace", ZÄS 60, 1925.
· Dunand, F & Zivie-Coche, Ch ., Gods and Men in Egypt: 3000 BCE to 395 CE. Translated by D. Lorton, Cornell University Press, 2004.
· Dunand, F., "Culte d'Isis ou religion Isiaque?"In Bricault, Laurent; Versluys, Miguel John (eds.). Isis on the Nile: Egyptian Gods in Hellenistic and Roman Egypt. Proceedings of the IVth International Conference of Isis Studies, Liège, November 27–29, 2008 (in French), Brill, 2010.
· El-Amir, M ., "The ΣΗΚΟΣ of Apis at Memphis, A Season of Excavations at Mit Rahinah in 1941", JEA 34, 1948.
· Fairman,H.W.,"Worship and Festivals in an Egyptian Temple", BJRL 37,1954.
· Friedman, F.R., "Aspects of domestic life and religion"in: L. Lesko, (ed.) Pharaoh's workers: The villagers of Deir el Medina, Cornell University Press, 1994.
· Gabolde, L., "Les temples mémoriaux de Thoutmosis II et utânkhamon", BIFAO 89, 1989.
· Gardiner, A., Theban Osrtaca, Toronto, 1913.
· Gauthier, H., Dictionnaire des noms géographiques contenus dans les textes hiéroglyphiques,IV, Buhl,1928.
· Gee,John., "Prophets, Initiation and the Egyptian. Temple," JSSEA 31, 2004.
· Ghazouli, E., "The Palace and Magazines attached to the Temple of Sety I at Abydos and Façade of this Temple", ASAE 58, 1964.
· Griffen,k., "All the Rḫyt-people Adore": The Role of the Rekhyt-people in Egyptian Religion. Golden House Egyptology 29, London, Golden House Publications,2018.
· Griffiths, J. Gwyn. "Isis", OEAE II,Oxford,2001.
· Gundlach, R., "Temples", OEAE III, Oxford, 2001.
· Hadot, P., The Veil of Isis: An Essay on the History of the Idea of Nature. Translated by Michael Chase, The Belknap Press of Harvard University, 2006.
· Haeny, G.,"New Kingdom "Mortuary Temples" and "Mansions of Millions of Years", in: Temples of Ancient Egypt, ed. by B.E. Shafer, Cairo, 2005.
· Hannig, R ., Groβes Handwörterbuch Ägyptisch-Deutsch,Mainz,1995.
· Id., Ägyptisches Wörterbuch I ,Altes Reich und Erste Zwischenzeit, Mainz, 2003.
· Hayes, W., Glazed Tiles from a Palace of RamessesII at Kantir, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1937.
· Helck,W., Materialienzur Wirtschaftsgeschichte des Neuen Reiches, III,Mainz,1960.
· Hölscher, U., "Medinet Habu", OIC 5, 1929.
· Id., ''Erscheinungsfenster und Erscheinungsbalkon im Koniglichen Palast", ZÄS 67, 1931.
· Id., The Excavation of Medinet Habu, III, OIP 36, 1937.
· Id.,The Excavation of Medinet Habu II, The Temples of the Eighteenth Dynasty, OIP 4, 1939.
Id., The Excavation of Medinet Habu, III, The Mortuary Temple of Ramsses III, I, OIP 54, 1941.
· Id., The excavation of Medinet Habu V: Post Ramessid remains, OIP 66, 1945.
· Hornung, E., Conceptions of God in Ancient Egypt , London, 1983.
· Ikram, S., "Domestic shrines and the cult of the royal family at el-Amarna", JEA 75, 1989.
· Jaritz, H., The Temple palace of Merenptah in his House of a Million Years at Qurna, New York, 1996.
· Johnson, W. R., "Images of Amen-hotep III in Thebes", in Art Historical Analysis, ed L.M. Berman,Cleveland Museum of Art & Indiana University Press, 1990.
· Id ., Honorific Figures of Amenhotep III in the Luxor Temple Colonnade Hall, SAOC 55,1994.
· Kaplony, P.,"Kiebitz", LÄ III,1980
· Kees, H ., "Zur Organisation des Ptahtempels in Karnak und seiner Priesterschaft," MIO 3,1955.
· Kemp, B., "The city of El-Amar na as a source for study of Urban Society in Ancient Egypt" in: World Archaeology, Vol.9, 2 ,1997.
· Id., "A wall painting of Bes figures from Amarna" in: Egyptian Archaeology 34, 2009.
· Kessler, D., Die Heiligen Tiere und der König Beiträge zu Organisation, Kult und Theologie der Spät Zeitlichen, Herfriehöfe, Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz, 1989.
· Kockelmann, H., Praising the Goddess: A Comparative and Annotated Re-Edition of Six Demotic Hymns and Praises Addressed to Isis, Walter de Gruyter, 2008.
· Koltsida, A .,"Birth-Bed, Sitting Place, Erotic Corner or Domestic Altar? A Study of the So-Called ‘Elevated Bed’ in Deir el-Medina Houses" In:Studien zur altägyptischen Kultur, 35,2006.
· Kruchten, J. M.,"Oracles", EAEO II, Oxford, 2001.
· Leahy, A., "The Adoption of Ankhnesneferibre at Karnak", JEA 82. 1996.
· Lesko,B.K.,"Household and domestic religion in Ancient Egypt" in: J. Bodel, S. Olyan (ed.), Household religion in antiquity. The Ancient World: comparative histories,Blackwell Pub., 2008.
· Lesko,S.B .,The Great Goddesses of Egypt. University of Oklahoma Press,1999.
· Lesuer, R. B., Between Heaven and Earth: Birds in Ancient Egypt, The Oriental Institute, Chicago, 2013.
· Lieven , A., "Divination in Ägypten,"Altorientalische Forschungen 26.1,1999.
· Luft, U., "Religion" OEAE, III, Oxford, 2002.
· Luiselli, M., "Personal piety (Modern Theories related to)" in: J. Dielman;W. Wendrich (eds.), UCLA ,Encyclopedia of Egyptology, Los Angeles,2008.
· Mathews, F, Thomas &Muller, Norman., "Isis and Mary in Early Icons". In Vassilaki, Maria (ed.). Images of the Mother of God: Perceptions of the Theotokos in Byzantium, Ashgate Publishing, 2005.
· Mostafa, D., "Lieux saints populaires dans l'Égypte ancienne", DE 29, 1994.
· Mota, S., The Household Religion in Ancient Egypt: problems and constraints, in: Res Antiquitatis 2, 2011.
· Id., "The Household Religion Prieisthood", OEAE III,Oxford,2001.
· Id., The Household Religion in ancient Egypt: What do the archaeological evidences tell us?, in" Hathor - Studies of Egyptology,1,Instituto,Oriental,2012
· Münster, M., Untersuchungen zur Göttin Isis vom Alten Reich bis zum Ende des Neuen Reiches Verlag Bruno Hessling,1968.
· Murnane, J.W., "Le mystère de la naissance divine du roi", DHA 10, 1986.
· Mysliwiec, K., Eighteenth Dynasty before the Amarna Period Leiden, 1985.
· Naerebout, F., "The Temple at Ras el-Soda. Is It an Isis Temple? Is It Greek, Roman, Egyptian, or Neither? And So What?". In Bricault، Laurent؛ Versluys، Mig0uel John؛ Meyboom، Paul G. P. Nile into Tiber: Egypt in the Roman World. Proceedings of the IIIrd International Conference of Isis Studies, Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, Brill, 2007.
· Newberry, P., PSBA 22, 1900.
· Nibbi, A.,Lapwings and Libyans in Ancient Egypt, Oxford, 1986.
· Id .,"The Rxit People as Permanent of Foreigners in Ancient Egypt", DE 9, 1987.
· Id.,"Lapwing and Bow Weapons as Alternative Symbols of West and East in Ancient Egypt" DE 39,1997.
· Id.,"Rxyt Again", DE 46, 2000.
· Nims, Charles ., "The Eastern Temple at Karnak", BÄBA 12,1971.
· Ockinga, B., "Piety" OEAE III, Oxford, 2001.
· Petrie, F, Scarabs and Cylinders with Names: Illustrated by the Egyptian Collection in University College, London, 2013.
· Petrie, F &Murray,M.",Lahun II", British School of Archaeology in Egypt and Egyptian Research Account 33,London,1923.
· Piehl, K., Inscriptions hiéroglyphiques recueillies en Europe et en Égypte, I, Leipzig, 1886.
· Pirenne, J.,"Le Sens de Mots Rekhit Pat et Henmemet dans Les Texts de L'Ancien Empire Egyptien ",Melanges Bides II,1934.
· Posener-Kriéger,P., Les archives du temple funéraire de Néferirkarê-Kakai, 1-2, BdE 65,II ,1976.
· Reisner, G., " Note on The Harvard – Boston Excavations at El- Kurraw and Barkal in 1918-1919 ", JEA 6, 1920.
· Ricke, H., Der Totentempel Thutmoses' III., Beiträge Bf. 3,1,1939.
· Ritner, R., "Household Religion in Ancient Egypt", in : Bodel,J& Olyan,S (ed.), Household religion in antiquity. The Ancient World: comparative histories, Blackwell Pub,2008.
· Roth, A., "Social Change in the Fourth Dynasty, the Spatial Organization of Pyramids, Tombs, and Cemeteries", JARCE 30, 1993.
· Rudolf , J, "Gegenkapellen in der Thebaïs"3, 2002.
· Sadek, A., "Popular Religion in Egypt during the New Kingdom" HÄB 27, 1987.
· Salim, R., Cultural Identity and Self-presentation in Ancient Egyptian Fictional NarrativesAn Intertextual Study of Narrative Motifs from the Middle Kingdom to the Roman PeriodPhD,University of Copenhagen, 2013.
· Sambin, C,"Medamoud et les dieux de Djeme sous les premiers Ptolemees", in Hundred-GatedThebes, P.L.Bat.27, Leiden, 1995 .
· Schott, S ., Das Schöne Fest vom Wüstentale, Wiesbaden, 1953.
· Schott, S, "Kanais, Der Temple Sethos I im Wadi Mai", NAW 4,1961
· Schulman, A.R.," "The Iconographic Theme: 'Opening of the Mouth' on Stelae", JARCE 21, 1984.
· Serrano, A. J., Royal Festival in the Late Pre-dynastic Period and the First Dynasty, Oxford, 2002.
· Shafer, E. B., "Temples, Priests, and Rituals, an Overview", in Temples of Ancient Egypt, ed. by B.E. Shafer, Cairo, 2005.
· Silverman. P., Ancient Egypt, Cairo, 1999.
· Spalinger, A., Three Studies on Egyptian Feasts and their Chronological Implications, Baltimore, 1992.
· Spencer, P ., The Egyptian Temple, A Lexicographical Study, London, 1984.
· Stadelmann, R., "Totentempel III", LÄ VI,1986.
· Id., "Tempelpalast und Erscheinungsfenster in den Thebanischen Totentempeln", MDAIK 29, 1973.
· Id., Totentempel und Millionenjahrhaus in Theben", MDAIK 35, 1979.
· Stephen, E.T., "Cults"OEAE I, Oxford, 2001.
· Stevens, A., "The material evidence for domestic religion at Amarna and preliminary remarks on its interpretation" JEA 89, 2003.
· Id .,Private religion at Amarna: The material evidence, British Archaeological Reports International Series 1587,Oxford, 2006.
· Id.,"Domestic Religious Practices"in: J. Dielman, W. Wedrich (ed.), UCLA, Encyclopedia of Egyptology, Los Angeles,2009.
· Strouhal, E., Life of the Ancient Egyptian, Cairo, 1992.
· Strudwick, N., Administration of Egypt in Old Kingdom, London, 1985.
· Szpakowska, K., Daily life in Ancient Egypt: Recreating Lahun Oxford University Press, 2008.
· Te Velde, H., Theology, Priest and Worship Ancient Egypt
· Teeter, Emily., Religion and Ritual in Ancient Egypt ,Cambridge University Press, 2011.
· Tiradritti, F., "The Return of Isis in Egypt: Remarks on Some Statues of Isis and on the Diffusion of Her Cult in the Greco-Roman World". In Hoffmann, Adolf (ed.). Ägyptische Kulte und ihre Heiligtümer im Osten des Römischen Reiches. Internationales Kolloquium 5./6. September 2003 in Bergama (Türkei),Ege ayınları,2005.
· Traunecker , C., The Gods of Egypt. Translated by D.Lorton ,Cornell University Press,2001.
· Trigger,G.B& Kemp, B & O'Conner, D& Lolyd, A.B., Ancient Egypt, A Social History,Cambridge, 1983.
· Valbelle, D ., "Le Village de Deir el Medineh: Étude archéologique (suite)", BIFAO 76,1976.
· Venit, S.M.,"Referencing Isis in Tombs of Graeco-Roman Egypt: Tradition and Innovation". In Bricault, Laurent; Versluys, Miguel John (eds.). Isis on the Nile: Egyptian Gods in Hellenistic and Roman Egypt. Proceedings of the IVth International Conference of Isis Studies, Liège, November 27–29, 2008, Brill, 2010.
· Vernus, P.,"Typologie des versions des décrets royaux",in: International Association of Egyptologists, Abstracts of papers of the IV International Congress, München,1985.
· Versluys.M.J., "Isis Capitolina and the Egyptian Cults in Late Republican Rome". In Bricault, Laurent (ed.). Isis en Occident: Actes du IIème Colloque international sur les études isiaques, Lyon III 16–17 mai 2002, Brill, 2004.
· Wagner,G &Quaegebeur, J.,Une dédicace grecque au dieu égyptien Mestasytmis de la part de son synode(Fayoum - Époque romaine)", BIFAO 73,1973.
· Ward, W., Index of Egyptian Administrative and Religious Titles of the Middle Kingdom, American University of Beirut ,1982.
· Weigall, E.P. A., "A Report on the Excavation of the Funeral Temple of Thoutmosis III at Gurneh", ASAE 7, 1906.
· Weiss, L.,"Personal Religious Practice: House altars at Deir el-Medina", JEA 95.2009.
· Wilkinson, H. R., The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt, London, 2000.
· Woolf, G., "Isis and the Evolution of Religions". In Bricault, Laurent; Versluys,Miguel John (eds.). Power, Politics and the Cults of Isis. Proceedings of the Vth International Conference of Isis Studies, Boulogne-sur-Mer, October 13–15, 2011, Brill, 2014.
· Yurco, J.F.,"La première cour et ses colosses royaux", DHA 101, 1986.
· Zivie-Coche, Ch& Dunand, F., Gods and Men in Ancient Egypt, 3000 BCE to 395, Cornell University, 2004.
Online sources:
· Balaji, A.,Sem Priests of Ancient Egypt: Their Role and Impact in Funerary Contexts—Part I(6 May, 2018 ).
· Gobeil ,C., The IFAO Excavations at Deir el-Medina,Oxford Handbooks Online, Egyptian Archaeology, ( 2015).
· Griffen,k .,Images of Rekhyt from Ancient Egypt, The Ancient Egyptian Center (2006).
· Id., A reinterpretation of the use and function of the rekhyt rebus in New Kingdom temples. In M. Cannata (Ed.), Current research in Egyptology (2006).
· Id., "Holding the rekhyt: An analysis of the scenes depicting the pharaoh ‘offering’ the rekhyt to the gods". Paper delivered at British Egyptological Conference II, Liverpool, (15th–16th March 2008).
· Id., Links between the Rekhyt and Doorways in Ancient Egypt, Proceedings of the Tenth International Congress of Egyptologists, University of the Aegean, Rhodes, (May 2008).
· Id.," An analysis of the representations of the rekhyt within the temples of ancient Egypt’. Paper delivered at Egyptian World Seminar: New Research in Egyptology, Cambridge University, (12th November 2008).
· Id.," Triumphs in ancient Egypt through the eyes of the rekhyt". Paper delivered at Rituals of Triumph in the Mediterranean World from Antiquity to the Middle Ages, Swansea University, (22nd November 2008).
· Id., "Popular worship at Luxor Temple: An examination of the rekhyt rebus and so-called "people’s gate". Paper delivered at the 60th Annual American Research Center in Egypt Conference, Dallas (Texas, 24th April 2009).
· Id., An analysis of the rekhyt rebus on the columns of the temple of Seti I at Abydos’. Paper delivered at British Egyptological Conference III, British Museum, London,(11th–12th September 2010).
· Id.,"Popular worship in ancient Egypt: The rekhyt rebus". Lecture delivered for the Scientific Research Committee, Ministry
of State for Antiquities, Luxor, Egypt, (22nd April 2015)