The mixture of Egyptian-Roman Civilization in Ancient Mendes (Tell er-Rubca) through three Unpublished Stelae

Document Type : Original Article

Author

Lecturer at the Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Arts, Ain Shams University (EGYPT)

Abstract

This paper aims to publish three tombstones of the ancient archaeological city of Mendes. This city has a great importance in the Pharaonic times that continued during the Ptolemaic and Roman periods. Each tombstone depicts a woman lying on her left side, holding a cup in her right hand, in a banquet scene. The study is consider an evidence that these kind of scenes spread in other cities not only Kom Abou Bellou. The paper will analyses one of these representation in which the deceased used two symbols of the other world in ancient Egyptian religion. They are the God Horus and the God Anubis. They played important role for the deceased in their resurrection. The dates of the tombstones are proved to be belonging to the Roman era.

Keywords

Main Subjects


Arabic references:
Aḥmad, Rida Muḥammad Sayd, A῾mal mutanwi῾a ġaīr manšūra min tal Timī al-Amdīd, Dirasāt fī aṯar al-lwaṭan al-῾Arabī, itḥad al-ʾaṯārīyn al-῾arab, vol. 10, 2009.
- al-Barbarī, Aḥmad Muḥammad, ῾Awāṣim Miṣr al-qadīma, Alexanderia, 2008.
- al-Šaḥāt, Munā Muḥammad, Qirā’a ğadīda liʾl-malābis al-rumānīya fī Miṣr fī al-fatra al-mutʾḫira (dirāsa aṯarīya),mǧlat al-Itiḥād alʿām liʾl-ārīyīn al-ʿArab, vol. 7, Cairo, 2006.
- al-Ṭūḫī, May Muḥammad, Taṣawīr Al-aliha waʾl-afrad biruʾūs ḥayawanīya fī Miṣr al-yunanīya waʾl-rumānīya, PhD thesis, faculty of arts, Ain-Shams University, 2018.
- H̱alīfa, širīf šaʿbān, Manāẓir al-ma’ādib al-iġrīqīya wa’l-itrūskīya: Dirāsa muqārna maʿa manāẓir al-ma’ādib fī Miṣr al-qadīma, PhD thesis, Cairo University, 2013.
- Raslān, Ridā ʿAbd al-Ǧawād, Našāṭ Mandīs al-iqtiṣādi fī Miṣr ibān al-῾aṣr al-baṭlami al-bākir fī ḍaw’ al-waṯā’iq al-bardīya, mağlet kulīa al-’ adab,  Journal of the Faculty of Arts, Mansoura University1, the civilized center for human sciences and heritage, Mansoura, 1998.
- ʿAbd al- Ġanī Muḥammad, Zīnon fī al-dilta, Journal of the Faculty of Arts, Alexandria University, 1991/92.
- Nur al-Dīn, ʿAbd al- Ḥalīm, Mawāqi῾ wa  matāif al-a’ār al-mirīya, Cairo 2007.
- Wağdī ῾Abd al- Ġaffār, mintaqat litrāna, Kūm Abū Bilū al-aar īya, silsilat al-ṯaqāfa al-aṯarīya waʾl-tāriḫīya, mašrū῾ al-mā’at kitab, 64, 2012.
foreign references
-   Abd Elghany, M., The Crisis of the Mendesian Nome in the Reign of Marcus Aurelius, BACPAS 11, 1994.
- Abd el-Al, A.& Grenier, J. C. & Wagner, G., Stèles Funéraires de Kom Abu Bellou, Paris: Editions recherches sur les Civilizations, Mémoire 55, 1985.
-   Aglan, H., The Aspects of Animal Sanctification in the Graeco-Roman Monuments in Egypt, PhD Dissertation Universität zu Köln Philosophische Fakultät Archäologisches Institut, Köln, 2013.
-   Ahmed, S., Music in Burial Customs and Funeral Arts from the Archaic to the Roman Period “an Archaeological Study”, PhD Dissertation, department of Greek and Roman Archaeology, National and Kapodestrian University/Athens, 2016.
- Alexandridis, A., Die Frauen des Römischen Kaiserhauses, Eine Untersuchung ihrer bildlichen Darstellung von Livia bis Iulia Domna, Mainz: Zabern 2004.
-   Ball, J., Egypt in the Classical Geographers, Cairo: Government Press, 1942.
-   Beck, H., Ägypten Griechenland Rom: Abwehr und Berührung: Städelsches Kunstinstitut und Städtische Galerie, Tübingen: Wasmuth, 2005.
-   Bissing, W. F., Tombeaux d'Époque Romaine à Akhmîm, ASAE, Vol. L, 1950.
-   Bosticco, S., Le Stele Egiziane dall'Antico al Nuovo Regno, Vol.I, Roma: Istituto Poligrafico dello Stato, 1959.
-   Breccia E., Le Musée Gréco-Romain d'Alexandrie 1925 – 1931, Roma, 1970.
-   Corbelli, J.A., The Art of Death in Graeco-Roman Egypt, Princes Risborough: Shire, 2006.
-   Dentzer, J.M., Le Motif du Banquet Couché dans le Proche-Orient et le Monde, Rome: Ecole Française de Rome, 1982.
-   El-Nassery, S., & Wagner, G., Nouvelles Stèles de Kom Abu Bellou, BIFAO 78, 1978.
-   ElSawy, A., Preliminary Report of the Excavations at Kom Abu Bello, ZÄS 104, 1977.
-   Frankfort, H., Ancient Egyptian Religion, New York: Columbia University Press, 1948.
-   Grimm, G., Die Römischen Mumienmasken aus Ägypten, Wiesbaden: Steiner, 1974.
-   Hart, G., A dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses, London: New York: Routledge, 1986.
-   Hooper, A. F., Funerary Stelae from Kom Abou Bellou, Kelsey Museum of Archaeology Studies 1, Ann Arbor, 1961.
-   Kakosy, L., Selige und Verdammte in der Spalagyptischen Religion, ZÄS 97, 1971.
-    Marlowe, E., Shaky Ground: Context, Connoisseurship and the History of Roman Art, London; New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2013.
-   Matthäus, H., the Greek Symposion and the Near East “Chronology and Mechanisms of Cultural Transfer”, in: Roald Docter and Eric M. Moormann (eds.), Proceedings of the XVth International Congress of Classical Archaeology, July 12-17, Amsterdam: Allard Pierson Museum, 1998.
-   Mercer, S.A.B., The Religion of Ancient Egypt, London: Luzac, 1949.
-   Meulenaere, H., Mendes II, vol.2, Warminister: Brooklyn Museum, 1976.
-   Olivier, A., Social Status of Elite Women of the New Kingdom of Ancient Egypt: A Comparison of Artistic Features, MA dissertaion, Ancient Near Eastern Studies/ University of South Africa, 2008.
- Otto, W. F., Dionysos, Myth and Cult, Translated by R.B. Palmer, London: Indiana University Press, 1965.
-   Parassoglou, G.M., Imperial Estates in Roman Egypt,American studies in Papyrology 18, Amsterdam, 1978.
-   Parlasca, K., & Seemann, H., Augenblicke: Mumienporträts und Ägyptische Grabkunst aus Römischer Zeit, München: Klinkhardt Biermann, 1999.
-   Parlasca, K., Mumienporträts und Verwandte Denkmäler, Wiesbaden: Steiner, 1966.
-   Parlasca, K., Zur Stellung der Terenuthis-Stelen, MDAIK 26, 1970.
-   Redford, D.B., "Mendes" in the Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
-   Redford, D.B., Mendes, City of the Ram God" Egyptian Archaeology 26, 2005.
-   Regen, I., Ombres, Une Iconographie Singulière du Mort sur des «Linceuls» d‘Époque Romaine Provenant de Saqqâra, in:  A. Gasse— Fr. Servajean— Chr. Thiers (eds.), Et in Ægypto et ad Ægyptum, Recueil d‘études dédiées à Jean-Claude Grenier, CENiM 5, 2012.
-   Riad, H., “Funerary Stelae from Kom Abou-Bellou”, BSAA 44, 1991.
-   Rossiher, E., The Book of the Dead, Papri of Ani, Hunefer, Anhai, Geneve: Miller Graphics, 1979.
-   Rowe, A., Kom el-Shukafa: “In the Light of the Excavations of the Graeco-Roman Museum during the Season 1941-1942, Bulletin de la Socidtd Royale d'Archeologie d'Alexandrie 35, Alexandria, 1942.
-   Schmidt, S., Grabreliefs im Griechisch-Römischen Museum von Alexandria, Berlin: Achet-Verlag,  2003.
-   Shorter, A.W., The Egyptian Gods, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1937.
-   Vessberg, O., Coin-Prtraits of Julia and Domitia, Recent Acquisition of Roman Portraits, Stockholm, 1961.
-   Vitali, I., Un Contributo per l'Interpretazione delle Stele di Kom Abou Billou, RSO 58, 1987.
-   Wagdy, A., & Elebiary, H., New Funerary Stelae from Kom Abou Bellou, BIFAO 111, 2011.
-   Watterson, B., The Gods of Ancient Egypt, New York: Sutton Publishing, 1985.
-   Welters, L., & Lillethun, A., Fashion History: A Global View, London & Oxford: Bloomsbury, 2018.
-  Wilkinson, T.A.H., Early Dynastic Egypt, London/ New York: Rutledge, 2001.