Ritual curse in Egypt during prehistoric and early dynastic Periods

Document Type : Original Article

Author

Assistant Professor (Prehistoric Archeology), Department of Egyptology, Faculty of Archeology - Aswan University (EGYPT)

Abstract

The curse in this article is intended to obtain a person kind of punishment or abuse, or by doing some rituals to Cursing a specific person, whether through some burial customs, or by breaking a statue of a specific person, or erase his name, or insert a blade or bone into his clay figurine, or separate his body parts, or remove his skull after death, or to be buried in a certain way that prevents him from leaving the tomb to prevent his evil soul, as if to be buried bound as a prisoner, or by placing some stone blocks over his body in his burial.
The curse rituals were also illustrated by acting some practices with magical significance; For example, if a statue is formed in the form of a certain person, whether from clay or wax at times, and deliberately distorting or destroying the statue in order to make him sick or destroy his owner, he will be punished with a symbolic curse in order to exterminate him ,destroy him or harm him.
The practices of the curse rituals are clarified religiously, by performing the burial ritual of donkeys, as they are one of the symbols of the "Seth", And by eliminating them, evil will be eliminated and annihilated.
The article will study these items in Egypt during prehistoric and early dynastic periods, explaining the similarities and differences between these elements at the time.

Keywords

Main Subjects


References:
Arabic references:
-Adib, Samīr, Adwaʾ ʿala alğ-rimah waʾl-ʿiqab fī Miṣr al-qadīma, Adumatu, vol 8, 2003
Christian, Jacq Al- siwaʾl-māwāraʾyat Miral-qadīma, Cairo, 2002.
- ῾Abd al-Qawī, Muhğa Ramaḍān ῾Abd al-Qadir, al- wašm fī Miṣr al-qadīma, al- muʾtamr al- dawlī al-ʾūal: Mir wa diwal al- baʾal-mutawasiabr al-῾usūr 15-18 October, faculty of archaeology, Cairo university, 2014.
- Ṣaliḥ,῾Abdʾal-῾Azīz, "Madāḫil al-rūḥ (al-abwāb al-wahmiyā) wa ṭaṭawurātiha ḥata awaḫir al-dawlā al-qadīma, Annals of the College of Arts,Cairo University, Vol. 22, No 1, 1960.
- ………………………, aārit Mir al-qadīma wa aāruhā, vol.1, Cairo, 2006.
-al- Ṭalī, H̱alid Muḥammad, "al- Ḥarb al-ahlīyā ḫilal ῾aṣr ʾal-usra ʾal-ūlā waʾl- ṯanīyā maẓahiruhā al-dinīyā wa dwafi῾uha al-sīyāsīyā waʾl-iqtiṣadīyā", Journal of the General Union of Arab Archaeologists, vol.11, 2010.
- ῾Abd ʾal-Lāṭif, Sūzān῾Abas, al-῾uqūba al-badanīya fī Miṣr al-firʿūnīyā ibān ʿaṣr al-dawla al-ḥadiṯa, Journal of the College of Education, Alexandria University, Alexanderia university, Vol.6, No 1, 1993.
- ʿAbd al- Ḥalīm, ʿAlī ʿAlī, al-Mafhūm al-sīyasīya liʾlisft fī Miṣr al-qadīma, The Third International Conference:Influence and Influence among Ancient Civilizations, Papyrus Studies and Inscriptions Center, ʿAin shams University, 2012.
-Aḥmad, ʿibīd ʿAlī Ḥāmid, al-ʿAdala waʾlqanūn bain al- fahm waʾl-mumarsa fī Miṣr al-qadīma, Journal of the Faculty of Tourism and Hotels, Fayoum University, Vol.1-2, September, 2015.
-῾Atallah, Mūstafa, Hāīyʾāt al-riğāl waʾl-nisāʾ ġair al-mʾlūfa ῾ala aṯār ῾usūr ma qabl al-tarīḫ waʾl-῾asr al-mubakir fī Miṣr, Journal of the General Union of Arab Archaeologists, vol. 6, 2005.
- Franco, Isabel, muğam al-asatīal- mirīya, Cairo, 2001.
- Lamy, Lucy,Asrāal-adārʾal- mirīyā, Cairo, 2015.
- Lorker, Manfred, mu῾ğam al-m῾būdāt waʾl-rumūz fī  miral-qadīma, Cairo, 2000.
- Badr Al-Dīn, Du῾āʾ Muḥammad, ṣiwar wa t῾bīrāt al-ṯawāb waʾl-῾iqāb fī al-maṣadir al-adabīya waʾl-dinīya al-miṣrīyā al-qadīma ḥata nihayt al-dāwla al-ḥadiṯa, master thesis, faculty of archaeology, Cairo University, 2009.
- ῾Umar, Hiba Muḥammad ʿAlī, al-ğazāʾ ba῾d muḥakamat al-mawta wa ḥal al-mubraʾaīn waʾl-muznibīn, Journal of Scientific Research in the Arts, Vol. 13, No 4, 2012.
- Maḥmūd, Manāl Maḥmūd Muḥammad, al-῾uqūba fī Miṣr al-qadīma ḥata nihayt al-dāwla al-ḥadiṯa, masterthesis, faculty of archaeology, Cairo University, 1999.
- Muḥmūd, Solaymān, al-Aškal al-tašḫīṣīya fī al-siḥr al-ša῾bī,journal folklore, Vol 56-57, December, 1997.
-Mahrān, Amal, ῾uqūbat al-nār al-dlāla waʾl- ramzīya min manzūr al-fikr al-miṣrī al-qadīm, Journal of the General Union of Arab Archaeologists, vol. 16, 2015.
- al-Ḥayk, May Nadīm, ῾qa’id al-dafn wa ῾ibadat ʾal-aslāf fī ba῾d mawāqi῾ šariq al-baḥr al-mutawasiṭ fī ῾usūr ma qabl al-tariḫ dirāsa aṯarīya- anṯrūpūlūgīya), master thesis, faculty of archaeology, Cairo University, 2005.
- ……………………….., ῾Adāt ʾal-dafn fī ba῾d mawaqi῾ šariq al-dilta wa mawaqi῾ Abu Ṣīr" (šamālay Saqarā) fī al -῾aṣr al-῾atīq dirāsa (aṯarīya- anṯrūpūlūgīya),Phdthesis, faculty of archaeology, Cairo University, 2009.
foreign references
- Adams, B., Excavation in the Locality 6 Cemetery at Hierakonpolis 1979, Oxford, 2000.
- Andelkova, B.: "Political, Organization of Egypt in the Predynastic Period", in: Before the Pyramids, the Origins of Egyptian Civilization, Teeter, E., (edit.,), Chicago, 2011. 
- Antonio, L., "Slavery and Servitude", UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology 1, NO.1, 2012, 11-21.
- Assmann, J., When justice Fails: Jurisdiction and Imprecation in Ancient Egypt, in: Originalveröffentlichung in: JEA, 78, 1992, 149-162.
- Austin, A., "Recent Evidence for the Practice of Tattooing in Ancient Egypt", in: The First Annual Meeting of the American Research Center in Egypt, (Printed in the USA), Toronto, ON, Canada. April 3-5, 2020.
- Baines, J. & Lacovara, J., "Burial and the Dead in Ancient Egyptian Society: Respect, Formalism, Neglect", in: Journal of Social Archaeology, Vol.2 (1), February 2002, 5-36.
- Bianchi, R.S., Tattoo in Ancient Egypt, in Rubin, A., (edit.,), Marks of Civilization, Artistic Transformation of the Human Body, Los Angeles, 1988.
- Blackman, W. The Fellahin of Upper Egypt, London, 1927, 50-55.
- Boessneck, J. & Eissa, A.: "Eine Esels Bestattung der 1 dynasty in Abusir " in: MDAIK 48, 1992.                                                        
- Brunner, H., "Gefährdungsbewußtsein", in: LÄ II, 1977.
- Brusatin, M., A History of Color, Translated by Robert H. Hopke and Paul Schwartz, Shambhala Publications, Inc. Boston, 1991.
- Brunton. G. & Caton- Thompson., The Badarian Civilization and Prehistoric Remains near Badari, London, 1929.
- Cards, P., "Anubis, Seth, and Christ. The Significance of the " Spott-Crucifix", In: The Open Court, A Monthly Magazine, VOL. XV, No. 2 February, NO. 537, 1901, 65-97.
- Colledge, S.L., The Process of Cursing in Ancient Egypt, Thesis Submitted in Accordance with Requirements of the University of Liverpool for the Degree of Doctor, United Kingdom, 2015.
- Dougherty, S.P. & Friedman, R., Sacred or Mundance: Scalping and Decaitation at Predynastic Hierakonpolis, OLA172, Egypt at its Origins 2, Paris, 2008, 309-335.
- Edwards, E.S., Gad, C.J. & Hammond, N.G.L., The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. I, part I: Prolegomena and Prehistory, third edition, Cambridge, at the University Press, 1971.
- Emery, W.B., Great Tombs of the 1st dyn., vol.1, Cairo 1953.
- Foroughi, M. & Javadi, S., "Examining the Symbolic Meaning of Colors in Ancient Egyptian Painting Art and Their Origin in Environment", in The Scientific Journal of NAZAR research center (Nrc) for Art, Architecture & Urbanism, Bagh- e Nazar, 14 (53), Nov 2017, 69-80
- Frecentese, V., Tattooing Identity: An Analysis of Historical and Contemporary Tattooing Practices among Members of the Military Community, an honors Thesis Presented to the Department of Anthropology, the Colorado College, USA, 2013.
- Friedman, R., "The Predynastic Cemetery at HK43", in Friedman, and others, Preliminary Report on Fieldwork at Hierakonpolis: 1996-1998, JARCE 36, 1999, 3-11.
- Friedman, R., “He’s Got a Knife! Burial 412 at HK43”, in: Nekhen news, Vol. 16, 2004.
- Gill, S. D., "The Color of Navajo Ritual Symbolism: An Evaluation of Methods", JAR, Vol. 31, No. 4, Winter, 1975, 354.
- Grinsell, L. V., "The Breaking of Objects as a Funerary Rite", Folklore, Vol. 72, No. 3 Sep. 1961, 475-491.
- Hassan, F.A. Tassie, G.J. & Rowland, J.M., Social Dynamics at the late Predynastic to Early Dynastic site of Kafr Hassan Dawood, East Delta, Egypt, in: Archeo-Nil · No.13, January 2003, 37-46.
- Hendrix, E. A., Painted Early Cycladic Figures: An Exploration of Context and Meaning, in: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Vol. 72, No. 4, Oct. - Dec. 2003.
- Hodjash, S. & Berlev, O., The Egyptian Reliefs and Stelae in the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts in Moscow, Translated by: O. Berlev, Leningrad, 1982.
- Jensen, A.S., "The Sacred Animal of the God Set", in: Det Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Biologiske Meddelelser, X I, 5, Kobenhaven, 1934.
- Lane, E. W., An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians, 5th edition. London, 1860, 35- 39.
- Massoullard, E., Prehistoire et Protohistoire d'Egypte, Paris 1949.
- Michaïlidis, G., Éléments de Synthèse Religieuse Gréco-égyptienne [avec 12 planches], BIFAO 66 ,1966, 4988.
- Morris, E.F., Sacrifice for the State: First Dynasty Royal Funerals and the Rites at Macramallah′s Rectangle, in: Performing Death Social Analysis of Funerary Traditions in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean, Laneri, N., (edit.,), Chicago, 2008.
- Murray, M.A., Burial Customs and Beliefs in the Hereafter in Predynastic Egypt, JEA 42, Dec. 1956, 86-96.
- Myers, C. S., Contributions to Egyptian An­thropology No. 1. Tattooing, in: Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, vol.33, 1903, 82-89.
- Ordynat, R., Egyptian Predynastic Anthropomorphic Objects, A study of their Function and Significance in Predynastic Burial Customs, Oxford, 2018.
- Petrie, W. M. F., Prehistoric Egypt, London, 1920.
- Pinch, G., Magic in Ancient Egypt, Great Britain, 1994.
- Radwan, A., Kopfer- und Bronzem Gelässe, 1983.
- Radwan, A., Recent Excavations of the Cairo University at Abusir A Cemetery of the 1st Dynasty" in Kessler, D., Schulz, R., gedenk schtrift für W. Barta, 1995.
- Radwan, A. Mastaba XVII at Abusir (First Dynasty) Preliminary Results and General Remarks, in Abusir and Saqaara,2000.
- Ritner, R.K., The Mechanic of Ancient Egyptian Magical Practice, the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization. No .54, Chicago, 1993.
- Rossel, S., Marshall, F., Peters, J., Pilgram, T., Adams, M.D., & O'Connor, D., Domestication of the Donkey: Timing, Processes, and Indicators, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 105, No. 1 , Mar. 11, 2008.
- Schuster, C. & Myers, O.H., Modern Parallels for Ancient Egyptian Tattooing, in Sudan Notes and Records, Vol. 29, No. 1 ,1948: 75-76.
- Tassie, G.J., Hair Offerings: An Enigmatic Egyptian Custom, Paper from the Institute of Archaeology, 7, 1996.
- Tassie, G.J., Early Cemeteries of the East Delta, Kafr Hassan Dawood, Minshat Abu Omar, and Tell Ibrahim Awad, in Egyptology at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century, proceeding of the Eighth International Congress of Egyptologists, Cairo, 2000. 
- Tassie, G.J., Identifying the Practice of Tattooing in Ancient Egypt and Nubia, Institute of Archaeology 14, 2003.
- Taylor, I.R., Deconstructing the Iconography of Seth, A thesis Submitted to the University of Birmingham for the Degree of Philosophy, Department of Classics, Ancient History and Archaeology College of Arts and Law, University of Birmingham, 2016.
- Teri L. Tucker, Biocultural Investigations at Kafr Hassan Dawood, in Bioarcheology in Egypt, Human Remains Workshop, Quantara, April 2000.
- Turner, P. J., Seth– A Misrepresented God in the Ancient Egyptian Pantheon?,  A Thesis Submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Life Sciences, 2012.
- Van Neer, W., and Linseele, V., and Friedman, F.R, “He’s Got a Knife! Burial 412 at HK43”, 76, 2004.                                                                                                      
- Vandier, J., Manuel d'Archéologie égyptienne, tome 1: Les Epoques de Formation: La Préhistoire, volume 1, 1988, 430.
- Wilkinson, T.A.H., Early Dynastic Egypt, New York, 1999.
- Zandee, J., Death as an Enemy, According to Ancient Egyptian Conception, Leiden, 1969.