"Pata Scrolls Decorated with Miniatures in West Bengal "In light of scroll painting in The British Museum dated12th/18th century.

Document Type : Original Article

Author

Lecturer-Faculty of arts Ain Shams University (EGYPT)

Abstract

West Bengal is one of the most Important Provinces of East India, with its own  Special features in Indian Painting, and This region with a Muslim majority, There are distinct types of folk paintings in eastern India, Pata is a product of a traditional society, rooted in village based culture. It has been characterized by the retaining of inherited artistic traditions and some artistic influences from schools Contemporary to as  the Indian Mongol School and the early style of Rajasthan School , and it has been popular with all segments of the people, It was distinguished by being a visual art as accompanied by songs that tell the storyboard, and know of Jarano pata or Scroll painting.

Keywords


 
Arabic references:
-    al-Šawkī, Aḥmad al-Sayid, “Malābis wa ḥuly  al-marʾā al-hindīya min ḫilāl taṣāwīr al-maḫtūtāt al-maġūlīya waʾl –dkunīya”, Maǧalat  risālat al- mašriq , A special issue of the works of the Women’s Conference in Eastern Civilizations and Literatures, from 4-5 October2011, vol.27, vol.2.
-    Bārindar, Ǧafrī, al-Muʿtaqadāal-dīnīya baīn al-šuʿūb, Translated by: Imām ʿAbd al-Fattāḥ, Reviewed by: ῾Abd al- Ġaffār Mikāwī, ʿālam al-mʿrifa, 1993.
-    Dhlawī, Ẓafr al-Raḥman Ṣāḥib, Frynk aiṣṭilāāt byh wrāl" snd stān kīMutlffunūnāwr anʿtwn kīʾaṣṭlāī al-fā wa māwrāt kāǧāmʿh maǧmwʿadlhī, 8 vol., Army Development Association 1939, vol.5/111 by Ḥusayn,Sayīdtaṣdq, Vocabulary country, lakhnw: mnšy nwlkšwrh  Press,1907
-    al-Raḥman, Saʿīd, “al-Aʿyād waʾl-mahraǧānāt al-Hindūsīya fī wilāyat al-Binġāl al-ġarbīya1,Ṯaqāfat al-Hind,vol.56,2005.
-    al-Zubūn, Aḥmad Muḥammad ʿAqla, “Adāb al-Šayẖ waʾl-marīd al-wārida fī al-rasāʾi l waʾl -mūʾalafāt al-ṣūfīya fī al-fatra al-zamanīya al-mumtada min 3rd to 7th AD centuryDirāsa talīlīya  wa naqdīya fī ḍū’ al-kitāb waʾl -sunna” Jordan Journal of Islamic Studies vol.12, 1437 A.H / 2016 A.D.
-    ʿAbd al-Raḥīm, ʿĀṭif ʿAlī,” Rusūm al-maḏabāt fī taṣāwīr al-madrasaal-Maġūlīyaal-Hindīya”, Markaz al-dirāst al-bardīya waʾl-nuqūš, Ain-Shams University,  Sixth conference, vol.2, Cairo, 2015.
-    ʿAbd al-Fattāḥ, Saʿīd, Rasāʾil ṣūfīyamaḫṭūṭa, vol.1, 1est ed., Beirut: Dār al-kutub al-ʿilmīya, 2007.
-    ʿAbdullah, ʿAlī Ḥasan, “al-Taʾṯīrāt al-ṣūfīya ʿalā nuqūd” Fatḥ šāh” Sulānal-Binġāl (886 -1481 A.H / 893  1487 A.D), Maǧalat al-itiād al-ʿām liʾl-aāryīn al-ʿarab 18, November 2017.
-    Qubyṣī, Sāra Muḥammad,” Ṣūrat al-muǧtamaʿ al-Hindī fī šiʿr naẓīr Akbar Abādī maʿa tarǧamat muḫtārāt”, Master Thesis, Department of Oriental Languages and Literature, Faculty of Arts/Ain Shams University, Cairo , 2017.
-    Cooper, G. C., al-Mawsūʿaal-muawara liʾ-rumūz al-tqlīdīya, Translated by: Muṣṭafā Maḥamūd, Cairo: National Center for Translation, 1est ed., 2014.
-    al-Šayẖa, Māǧida ʿAlī ,” Tsāwīr al-mʿārik al-ḥarbīya liʾl-ǧayīš  al-Maġūlī  al-Hindī min ẖilāl al-maḫtūtāt waʾl-tuḥaf al-taṭbīqīya”, Master Thesis, Department of Islamic Archeology, Faculty of Archeology/ Cairo University, 2012.
foreign references
 
-    Abudaya,M.Ch., and others:«Sayyid Yusuf's 1433 Pilgrimage Scroll (Ziyaratnama) in The Collection of the Museum of Islamic Art  Doha», Muqarnas, vol.33,2016.
-    .Acharya,P.K.,  Sacred Complex of Budhi Santani ,New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, 2003.
-    Ahmed,S.I.: «Performing and Supplicating Manik Pir: Infrapolitics in the Domain of Popular Islam»,TDR The Drama Review, vol.53, Nº.2,2009.
-    Atsushi, I.: «Profiled Figures: The Modes of Representation of Faces in South Asian Painting», Kyoto Bulletin of Islamic Area Studies , 10(March2017).
-    Bajpai ,L.M.: «Intangible Heritage Transformation – Patachitra of Bengal Exploring Modern New Media», International Journal of History and  Cultural Studies,  IJHCS1, Nº. 1,June 2015.
-    Banu ,U.,  Pattcitra of Bengal ; An Emotion of Community,  Strangi Bengal Patachitra , New Delhi , 2018.
-    Banu, R. Sh:. «Acritical Study of The Progressive art movement in Bengal»,  PhD of Philosophy in Fine Arts , Department of Fine Arts Aligarh,2018.
-    Bhattacharya,S. and  Narayanaswami,M.,  Pattachitra: Indian Art in Context,New Delhi, Indian Studies , 2017.
-    Britschgi , J. & guy, J.,  Wonder of the Age : Master Painters of India, 1100-1900 ,New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2011.
-    Das, N.: «Importance of Linearity  in indian art with special reference to Eastern Indian folk paintings», Doctor of Philosophy, Department of arts, Assam University,2014.
-    Dasgupta,G. Buddhism During the Pala Period», PhD of Philosophy, Department of Fine Arts, Calcutta University,1976.
-    Datta ,S.: « Folk Painting of Bengal» PhD of Pholosophy , Department of ancient  indian  History and Culture University of Calcutta,1982.
-    Dehejia, V.: «On Mode of Visual Narration in Early Buddhist Art», The Art Bulletin , vol.72, Nº.3, Sep.1990., 377.
-    Dineschandra ,S.  , Folk Literature of Bengal, Being Lectures Delivered to the Calcutta in 1917 as Ramtanu Lahiri Research Fellow in the History of Bengali Language and Literature, Gyan Publishing House, 2006.
-    Ghosh,I.: « Murshidabad's Darbari Culture and the Incipient Nawabi of Bengal c.A.D. 1704-1740»,Urbanisation in India: Past and Present: Professor Nisith Ranjan Ray Birth Centenary Volume, Edited by Chittabrata Palit, Institute of Historical Studies,2009.
-    Guha,S.  and   Bandyopadhyay,A.: «Terracotta Temples of Bengal : A Culmination of Pre-existing Architectural Styles» ,The Chitrolekha Journal on Art and Design, vol.1, Nº.1 , 2017.
-    Gupta, S.D.: «Village of Painters: A Visit  to Naya, Pingla»,  Chitrolekha International Magazine on Art and Design, vol. 1, Nº.3,2011.
-    Gupta,S . D.: «Village to Naya, Pingla, Traditional Art», Chitrolekha International Magazine  on Art  and Design ,vol.1, Nº.3,2011.
-    Hauser,B.: «From Oral Tradition to “Folk Art”: Reevaluating Bengali Scroll Paintings», Asian Folklore Studies, vol.61, Nº.1,2002.
-    Hitesranjan Sanyal:«Religious architecture in Bengal(15th-17th Century): A Study of the Major Trends», Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, vol.32, Nº.1,1970.
-    Islam ,I &  Noble, A.G.: « Mosque Architecture in Bangladesh : The Archetype and Its Changing Morphology», Journal of Cultural Geography,vol.17,Nº.1,1998.
-    Jain, J.: «The Art of Indian Picture Showmen : Tradition and Transformation”, Storyelling and Puppet traditions of India, Dhurjjati Sarma, New Delhi: Indira Gandhi National Centre For the Arts,2010.
-    Jana, Th.: «Educational Marginality : A Crisis Among the Patuas at Naya, West Bengal», Chitrolekha International Magzine on Art and  Design , vol.6, Nº.2,2016.
-    Jefferson, P.: «The  Art of  Survival Bengali Pats Patuas and Evdution  of Folk Art in India» , Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection1815,2014.
-    Kolay, S. and   Roy, Sh. Th, Designing alternative Paradigm  for Traditional Visual Storytelling, ICORD'15, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 7-8 January,2015.
-    Losty, J.P.: «An Album from Bengal 1795-1810’ in F. Galloway, Imperial Past: India 1600-1800», Francesca Galloway sale catalogue, London, 2011.
-    Losty, J.P.: «Early Views of Gaur and Pandua by the Indian Artist Sita Ram», Journal of Bengal Art, v.1, 1996.
-    Losty, J.P., ‘Towards a New Naturalism: Portraiture in Murshidabad and Avadh 1750-80’, in After the Great Mughals: Painting in Delhi and the Regional Courts in the 18th and 19th Centuries, Bombay: ed. B. Schmitz, 2002.
-    Majumdar, S.N.: «Bengal Pata Chitra: Painting, Narrating and Siging with Twists and Turns»,   Strangi Bengal Patachitra, New Delhi, 2018.
-    Majumder ,R.: «Disappearing Traditions , The Narrative Songs of Bengal Pata Painting» , Kalakalpa-IGNCA Journal of Arts, vol.IV, Nº. 2, 2020.
-    Mandal, R., «Historical Ornamentation  of Chinese Scroll Painting and Bengal Pata Painting», The Chitrolekha Journal on Art and Design, vol.2, Nº.3,2018.
-    Michell, G., The Islamic Heritage of Bengal , Paris: United Nations Educational , Unesco,1984.
,Calcutta: Sree Saraswaty press,1953. Mitra ,A.: District handbooks Murshidabad-
-    Noorur Rahman,SH., «Pir Cult Evidence of Hindu-Muslim Amity in Mughal Bengal», Proceedings of the Indian History Congress , Golden Jubilee Session, vol.50, 1989.
-    Palit ,S. &   Datta,  D.B.: «Transformation from Performativeaer to Demonstrative Art: A Survival Strategy for Patachitra», Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, vol.4, Nº.2, 2016.
-    Roy,A. Ch., history of Bengal: Mughal period , Calcutta:  Nabharat publishers, 1968.
-    Rudgley,R. The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Substances, New York: Great Britain – Brown and Company, 1999.
-    Schendel , W.V., The Bengal Borderland : Beyond State and Nation in South Asia, Delhi: Anthem South Asian Studies,2004.
-    Sen ,B.: «Betwixt  Hindusand Muslims», Asian Ethnology, vol.76, Nº.2, 2017.
-    Soumik N.  M.: «Bengal Pata Chitra: Painting, Narrating and Siging with Twists and Turns», Satrangi Bengal Patachitra, Ojas Art, New Delhi, 2018.
-    Stewart, T.K.: «The Tales of Manik Pir-Protector of cows in Bengal, Tales of God's Friends», Islamic Hagiography in Translation ,  ed. John Renard, Berkeley: University of California Press,2009.
-    Tripthy, M.:«Folk art at the crossroads of tradition and modernity: A study of Patta Painting in Orissa»,  Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford 29, No.3, 1998.