Elephant in Islamic Paintings in Iran and India an Archaeological Artistic Study

Document Type : Original Article

Author

Lecturer of Islamic archeology, faculty of archaeology, Luxor university(EGYPT)

Abstract

Among the topics of importance in the depictions of Islamic manuscripts in Iran and India are topics that carry many ancient doctrinal connotations, the White Elephant consider one of those topics that concerned Islamic painting in this geographical area of the Islamic world.
Although elephants are generally one of the living beings to which Asia is famous and considered one of the animals that contributed to the emergence of ancient civilizations for use in economic aspects, transport, wars and conflicts, the care of painting them as one of the natural elements found in the environment, but the subject of the white elephant here is particularly significant is one of the symbols of the ancient Buddhist religion as well as one of the gods of India, which was called Ganisha, Which is depicted in the form of an elephant with the body of a child with four arms Therefore, it must be taken care of and decorated in a manner appropriate to its religious status, and the Muslims' interest in acquiring it was not a matter of following a belief; Rather, it is like owning every precious thing and imitating the legendary kings in ancient Iran and India who owned white elephants decorated with ornaments and jewels.

Keywords


 
 The Holy Quran
-    Ibn Baṭūṭa, Muḥammad bin ʿAbdullah bin Ibrāhīm al-Ṭanǧī (D:779A.H), Rilat Ibn Baūa tufat al-
Arabic references:
nuār fī ġarāʾib al-amār wa ʿaǧāʾib al-asfār, Ligament: L'Académie du Royaume du Maroc, 1417..
-    Ibn al-Mufaqqaʿ, ʿAbdullah (D:142A.H), Kalīla wa dimna Tarǧama li kitāb al-faylasūf al-hindī Bīdyā, 17th ed., Bulaq: al-Maṭbaʿa al-amīrīya, 1355A.H/1936A.D
-    Ibn Fāris, Aḥmad  Zakarīya al-Qazwīnī (D:395A.H), Muǧmal al-luġa li Ibn Fāris, Reviewed by: Zuhīr ʿAbd al-Muḥsin, 2nd ed., Beirut: Muʾasasat al-risāla, 1406A.H/1986A.D
-    al-Aʿẓamī, Muḥammad Ḍiyāʾ al-Raḥman, Fuūl fī adyān al-Hind (al-hindūsīya waʾl-būīya waʾl-ǧīnīya waʾl-sīīya) wa ʿilāqat al-tawūf bihā, 1st ed., Madina El Monawara: Dār al-Buẖārī liʾl-našr waʾl-tawzīʿ, 1417A.H/1997A.D.
-    Anīs, Ibrāhīm& others, al-Muʿǧam al-wasīṭ, Muǧammaʿ al-luġa al-ʿarabīya, 4th  ed., Cairo: Maktabat al-šurūq al-dawlīya, 1425A.H/2005A.D.
-    Bosworth, Clifford&  Nāfiʿa, Ḥasan,  Turā al-islām, Translated by: D.Ḥusayīn Mūʾnis& Iḥsān Ṣidqī al-ʿamd, Reviewed by: D.Fūʾād Zakarīya, Silsilat ʿālam al-maʿrifa, vol.2, January 1978   
-    al-Tunūẖī, al-Muḥsin bin Muḥammad bin Dāwūd al-Baṣrī (D:384A.H), Nišwār al-muāara wa ʾẖbār al-muākara, 2nd ed., Cairo: Dār ṣādir, 1391.
-    al-Ǧāḥiẓ, ʿAmr bin Maḥbūb al-Līṯī, Abū ʿUṯmān (D: 255A.H), al-ayawān, 2nd ed., Beirut: Dār al-kutub al-ʿilmīya, 1424.
-    al-Ǧāwīš, Muḥammad Ismāʿīl, Min ʿaǧāʾib al-alq fī ʿālam al-ayawān, Cairo: al-Dār al-ḏahabīya, 2004.
-    al-Ǧawharī, Abī Naṣr Ismāʿīl bin Ḥammād (D:398A.H), al-aḥḥā tāǧ al-luġa wa ṣiḥāḥ al-ʿarabīya, Reviewed by: Muḥammad Muḥammad Tāmir &Others, Cairo: Dār al-ḥadīṯ, 1430A.H/ 2009A.D.
-    ............., al-aḥḥā tāǧ al-luġa wa iā al-ʿarabīya, Reviewed by: Aḥmad  ʿAbd al-Ġafūr ʿAṭār, 4th ed., Beirut: Dār al-ʿilm liʾl-malāyīn, 1407A.H/ 1987A.D.
-    Ḥasan, Salāma Ḥāmid ʿAlī, "Taṣāwīr al-sufun waʾl-manāẓir al-baḥarīya fī al-maẖṭūṭāt wa ʿalā al-tuḥaf al-taṭbīqīya, Dirāsa aṯarīya fannīya", PhD thesis, Faculty of arts /Tanta University, 2013.
-    Ḥasan, Munā Sayīd ʿAlī, al-Tawīr al-islāmī fī al-Hind: al-uwar al-šaẖṣīya fī al-madrasa al-maġūlīya al-hindīya, 1st ed., Cairo: Dār al-našr liʾl-ǧāmiʿāt, 2002.
-    ........... al-Tawīr al-islāmī fī al-Hind: Tasliyāt al-balā wa ayāt al-šuʿūb, 1st ed., Cairo: Dār al-našr liʾl-ǧāmiʿāt, 2003.
-    ............ Fannānūn fī marāsim abāirat al-maġūl fī al-Hind, 1st ed., Cairo: Maktabat zahrāʾ al-šarq, 2005.
-    Ḥasanayīn, Mamdūḥ Muḥammad, "Usṭūrat al-nisr wa ramziyatuh fī ḍūʾ qiṭʿa azafīya ǧadīda min ḥafāʾir madīnat al-Fusṭāṭ", Journal of the General Union of Arab Archaeologists18.
-    Ḥusayīn, Maḥmūd Ibrāhīm, al-Funūn al-islāmīya fī al-ʿar al-Fāimī, Cairo: Dār ġarīb, 1999.
-    H̱ayīr Allah, Ǧamāl ʿAbd al-ʿAṭī, "al-Manāẓir al-rūmānsīya fī madrasat al-taṣwīr al-ṣafawīya al-ṯāniya wa mā yuʿāṣirhā fī al-madrasa al-maġūlīya al-hidīya", awlīyāt markaz al-buū waʾl-dirāsāt al-tārīīya, al-Ḥawlīya al-rābiʿa, Cairo University, 1426A.H/ 2005A.D
-    Dmitriyev, Yury , al-Insān waʾl-ayawānāt min al-ʾusūra wa uqūs taqdīs al-ayawānāt wa ʿibādathā ʾilā Dārwyn wa imāyat al-bīʾa al-istimār al-amal li quwā al-abīʿa al-aīya, Translated by: Muḥammad Sulaymān ʿAbbūd, 1st  ed., Damascus: Dār al-namīr, 1993.
-    al-Dimīrī, Kamāl al-Dīn bin Muḥammad Musā, (D:808A.H), ayāt al-ayawān al-kubrā, tahḏīb wa taṣnīf Asʿad al-Fāris, Damascus: Dār ṭalās liʾl-dirāsāt waʾl-tarǧama waʾl-našr, 1992.
-    al-Dīnūrī, Abī Muḥammad ʿAbdullah bin Muslim bin Qutayba (D:276A.H), al-Ǧarāīm, Reviewed by: Muḥammad Ǧāsim al-Ḥimīdī  , Damascus: Ministry of Culture, d.t.
-    Rustum, Aḥmad Tūnī, " al-Maʿbūdāt al-hindīya ʿalā maskūkāt abāṭirat al-maġūl fī al-Hind, al-mūʾtamar al-duwalī al-sābiʿ: al-Ḥayāh al-yāh al-yawmīya fī al-ʿuṣūr al-qadīma”, Bulletin Of the Center Of Papyrological Studies 2, 2016.
-    al-Zamẖašrī, Ǧārallah (D:583A.H), Rabīʿ al-abrār wa nuū al-ayār, 1st ed., Beirut: Muʾasasat al-aʿlamī, 1412.
Zynhum, Muḥammad, al-Tawāul al-aārī liʾl-fan al-islāmī wa taʾṯīruh ʿalā fannānī al-ʿar al-adī, 1st ed., Cairo: Egyptian  Ministry of Culture, 2001.
-    Saʿfān, Kāmil, Muʿtaqadāt Asyāwīya: (al-ʿIrāq- Fāris- al-Hind- al-Yābān), 1st ed., Cairo: Dār al-nadā, 1999.
-    al-Šihristānī, Abū al-Fatḥ Muḥammad bin ʿAbd al-Karīm Aḥmad (D:548A.H), al-Milal waʾl-nal, Cairo: Muʾasasat al-ḥalabī, d.t.
-    al-Ṭabarī, Muḥammad bin Ǧurayīr bin Yazīd bin Kaṯīr bin Ġālib al-Amlī (D:310A.H), Tārī al-rusul waʾl-mulūk, 2nd ed., Beirut: Dār al-turāṯ, 1387.
-    ʿUkāša, Ṯarwat, Mawsūʿat tārīẖ al-fan al-ʿayīn waʾl-uḏun tarā, Funūn al-šarq al-aqā "al-Fan al-hindī", 1st ed., Cairo: Dār aḷšurūq, 2005.
-    ʿUmar, Muẖtār ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd, Muʿǧam al-luġa al-ʿarabīya al-muʿāira, 1st ed., Cairo: ʿAlam al-kutub, 1429A.H/ 2008A.D.
-    al-Fardūsī, Abī al-Qāsim, al-Šāhnāma: Malamat al-furs al-kubrā, Translated by: Samīr Malṭī, 2nd ed., Beirut: Dār al-ʿilm liʾl-malāyīn, 1979.
-    Farġalī, Abū al-Ḥamd, al-Tawīr al-islāmī, našʾātuh wa mawāqif al-islām minh wa ʾuūluh wa madārisuh, 1st ed., Cairo: al-Dār al-miṣrīya al-libnānīya, 2000.
-    al-Qāḍī, al-Nuʿmān ʿAbd al-Mutaʿāl, Šiʿr al-futū al-islāmīya fī adr al-islām, 1st ed., Cairo: Maktabat al-ṯaqāfa al-dīnīya, 1426A.H/ 2005A.D.
-    al-Qurṭubī, Abū ʿAbdullah Muḥammad bin Faraǧ al-Anṣārī al-H̱azarǧī Šams al-Dīn (D:671A.H), al-Ǧāmiʿ li ʾakām al-Qurʾān, Reviewed by: al-Bardūnī, Aḥmad& Aṭfīš, 2nd ed., Cairo: Dār al-kutub al-miṣrīya, 1384A.H/ 1964A.D.
-    Kanbī, Šīlār& Others, Rawāʾiʿ tuaf al-fan al-islāmī fī mataf al-Mitrūbūlītān liʾl-funūn, Translated by: ʿAbd al-Wadūd al-Umrānī& Bašī bū ʿAʾiša, Cairo: Dār našr al-Ǧāmiʿa al-Amrīkīya, 2016.
-    Le Bon, Gustave, aārāt al-Hind, Translated by: ʿAdil Ziʿītar, 4th  ed., Cairo: Muʾasasat hindāwī, 2001.
-    al-Mišhidānī, Yāsir ʿAbd al-Ǧawād Ḥāmid, "al-Fīl wa istiẖdāmātuh fī al-ḥayāh al-hindīya fī al-ʿuṣūr al-wusṭā 1", Maǧallat al-tarbiya waʾl-ʿilm , vol.14, Mosul , 2007.
-    Muṣṭafā, Muḥammad, "Bihrām Ǧūr fī al-taṣwīr al-islāmī 4", Maǧallat al-risāla, d.t.
-    Miṭāwiʿ, Ḥanān ʿAbd al-Fattāḥ, al-Funūn al-islāmīya al-irānīya waʾl-turkīya, 1st ed., Alexandria: Dār al-wafāʾ li dunyā al-ṭibāʿa waʾl-našr, 2016.
-    al-Namir, ʿAbd al-Munʿim, Tārī al-islām fī al-hind, 1st ed., Cairo: al-Mūʾasasa al-ǧāmiʿīya liʾl-dirāsāt waʾl-našr waʾl-tawzīʿ, 1401A.H/ 1981A.D.
-    Nūr, Ḥasan Muḥammad, " al-H̱iyām fī al-maẖṭūṭāt al-irānīya ḥattā nihāyat al-qarn 12A.H/ 18A.D 1", Maǧallat kullīyat al-aār bi Qinā, South Valley University, July, 2006.
-    al-Nuwīrī, Aḥmad bin ʿAbd al-Wahāb bin Muḥammad al-Qurašī al-Taymī al-Bakrī, Šihāb al-Dīn (D: 733A.H), Nihāyat al-irab fī funūn al-adab, 1st ed., Cairo: Dār al-kutub waʾl-waṯāʾiq al-qawmīya, 1423.
-    al-Hāmišī, Zayīd bin ʿAbdullah bin Masʿūd bin Rifāʿa (D: 400A.H), al-Amāl, 1st ed., Damascus: Dār Saʿd al-Dīn, 1423.
-    Yāsīn, ʿAbd al-Nāṣir, Wasāʾil al-safar ʿind al-muslimīn tārīahā wa aārahā: Dirāsa ʿan al-hawdaǧ wa šākilātuh fīūʾ al-maādir al-maktūba waʾl-aarīya, vol.2, Cairo: Maktabat zahrāʾ al-šarq, 2005.
foreign references
-     Annu m., «a Critical Study of Mughal Paintings During Akbar's Reign»,  PhDthesis, Doctor of Philosophy in fine art, Aligarh Muslim University INDIA, 1999.
-     moi'nee, Hina fatima,” a comparative study of colour and form indeccan and rajasthan  raagmala painting”PhDthesis, Doctor of Philosophy in fine art, Aligarh Muslim University india 2009.
-      Mookerjee, M., «mediaeval illustrated manuscripts of eastern india and Nepal», phDthesis, school of oriental and African studies, University of London 1951.
-     Nardi, I., «The Theory of Indian Painting: the Citrasutras, their Uses and Interpretations», PhD thesis at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, July 2003.
-      Sharma, L. Ch., A Brief History of Indian Painting, Krishna parkashan media, 3rd  ed., India 2008.
-     Simsār, M. Ḥ. ; Imāmī, K. Others, Golestan Palace Library : a portfolio of miniature paintings and calligraphy, Tehran : Zarrin & Simin Books, 2000.