About Wine Drinking in Rome during the First and Second Centuries

Author

Assistant Professor of Greek and Roman Archaeology, Department of Archaeology Faculty of Arts, Tanat University (EGYPT)

Abstract

The subject of this study revolves around wine-drinking parties at various events in Rome, The purpose- is cold. The flavors and ingredients of the wine varied. This study aims to shed light on one of the most important social customs through the classical sources and the discovered archaeological evidence to link them with the various products of wine that are consistent with the same previous purposes. The research concluded with some results; they all identify the types and quality of the wine. The luxury types were taken up by emperors and the elite, while the cheap ones were accessible to the public. Wine varieties were also offered at parties combining nobles, merchants and military and public leaders. The research also found that gold-camouflaged silver pot was used by emperors and nobles, while lower classes used pottery and bronze pots. Drinking pots decorations varied, and their themes came to terms with wine places. The servants who prepared, set, and served in wine-drinking concerts were selected with special characteristics in form and strength, consistent with their different roles before, during and after the ceremony. There were rules for wine in Rome.

Keywords

Main Subjects


 
Arabic references:
- al-Drāba, Rīmā Maḥmūd ʿAbduh al-ʿAqla, al-Muʿtaqadāt al-ǧanāʾizīya, Dirāsa aarīya muqārana, Jordan, 1st ed., 2012.
- Hāšīm, Šahīra ῾Abd al- Ḥamīd,” al-Awānī al-fuḫẖārīya ḏāt al-zaḫārif al-bāriza fī al-ʿaṣraīn al-Yūnānī waʾl-Rūmānī”, Ph.D Thesis, Faculty of Arts-Tanta University, vol.2, 2011.
- Šaʿrāwī, ʿAbd al-Muʿṭī, Asāṭīr iġrīqīya, vol.2, 1st ed., Cairo, 1995.
Ṣāliḥ, Ibrāhīm Saʿd, Tūnā al-ǧabal "durra fī ṣaḥarāʾ durwa", d.t.-
- Nuṣḥī, Ibrāhīm, Tārī al-rūmān min aqdam al-ʿuūr atta ʿām 133B.C, vol.1, 2nd ed, 1987.
.-ʿUkāša, Ṯarwat, al-Fan al-rūmānī10, vol.2, Cairo: al-Hayʾa al-maṣrīya al-ʿāmma liʾl-kitāb, 1992.
-       ………., al-Iġrīq bayn al-usūra waʾl-ibdāʿ, Cairo: al-Hayʾa al-maṣrīya al-ʿāmma liʾl-kitāb, 1994.
-       Kūfmān, Kāṯī k., al-ab fī al-aārāt al-qadīma, Translated by: Saʿīd al-Ġānimī, Hayʾat Abū ẓabī liʾl-siyāḥa waʾl-ṯaqāfa, Mašrūʿ kalima, 2011.
-  Wilkins, John Im& Hill, Shaun, al-aʿām fī al-ʿālam al-qadīm, Translated by: Imān Ǧamāl al-Dīn al-Faramāwī, United Kingdom: Mūʾasasat hindāwī C I C, 2017A.D.
foreign references
- Cornelius Tacitus, Annales (Latin) (ed. Charles Dennis Fisher), IV, XI.24, d.t.                    
- Horace, The Life of Horace, 1809.
-Martial, Epigrammata (Latin) (ed. Wilhelm Heraeus, Jacobus Borovskij), d.t.   
- Ovid, Metamorphoses ,211-213, IV.179-372, II.11, IV.377, d.t.                      
- Pliny, The Natural History XIV.97, Loeb Classical Library, (ed. John Bostock, M.D., F.R.S., H.T. Riley, Esq., B.A.), d.t.
- Plutarch, Plutarch's Morals, translated from the Greek by several hands, Corrected and revised by. William W. Goodwin, PH.D. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, Cambridge, Press of John Wilson and son, 1874.                                                                  
-Petronius, Satyricon, Fragmenta, and Poems (Latin), (ed. Michael Heseltine), 1998. 
- Seneca, Tommaso Camerino 1390 - 1472, Historia Bononiensis, Historia Bononiensis Hist, Bonon, Historia Bononiensis (I. Fógel, 1932) (Latin).                                                       
- Suetonius C., Tranquillus, The Lives of the Caesars, (English) (ed. Alexander Thomson, d.t.
-Alexander, C., «A Roman Cinerary Urn», The Metropolitan of art Bulletin 23, No. 8, 1928.
- Alexander.C., «Green –Glazed Ware, Three Hellenistic Vases», The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, No. 5, 1945.
- Allen, W., & Seminar, T., Imperial Table Manners in Tacitus Annal, Latomus, T 21,1962.
-Apicius, Cookery and Dining in Imperial Rome, translated by Vehling, J.D., 1963.
-Allison, P.M., The Archaeology of House Hold Activities, Routledge, London, 1999.
- Abadie-Reynal, C., “Les Maisons à Décors Mosaïques de Zeugma”, In Comptes-rendus des Séances de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 2002.
- Alison, F., The Roman Games a Sourcebook, Oxford, 2006.
- Beaker, W.A., “Gallus or Roman Scene of the Time of Augustus”, In:  A Dictionary of Roman and Greek Antiquities, 3rd ed., New York, 1876.
- Brown, A.C., Catalouge of Italian Terra Sigillat in The Ashomlean Museum, Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1968.
-  Brilliant, R., Scenic Representations in Age of Spirtuality Late Antique and early Christian Art Third to Seventh Century, British Museum, New York, 1979.
-Bourriau, J., Pottery from The Nile Valley Before the Arab Conquest, Cambridge University Press, 1981.
 - Boardman, J., and et al, The Roman World, Oxford,1986.
- Blattner, D., Amazing Facts in World History, Mark Twain, Media, 2003.
- Beerden.K., A Conspicuous Meal Fatting Dormice Snail and Thrushes in The Roman World, Petits Propos Cuilinaires 90, 2010.
- Crosby, M., «A Silver Ladle and Strainer», American Journal of Archaeology 47, 1943.
- Charleston, R.J., Roman Pottery, London, 1955.                 
- Clarke, J.R., Art in The Lives of Ordinary Romans, Visua Representation and Non-Elite Viewer in Italy 100 BC – AD 315, University of California Press, 2003.
- Cokayne, K., Experiencing Old Age in Ancient Rome, Cambridge, London.
- Dio's.C., Roman History, Text and Trans After E. Cary, Cambridge: Loeb Classical Library, 1961.
 - Davis, W.S., A Day in Old Rome, (a Picture of Roman Life), New York, 1963.
-Dunbabin, K.M.D., «Sic Erimus Cuncti, The Skeletonin Graeco Roman Art», Jahrbuch Des Deutschen Archaeologishen Institue, Band 101, 1986.
-Dunbabin, K.M.D., «The Waiting Servant in Late Roman Art», The American Journal of Philology 124, No. 3, 2003.
-Descoeudres, J., & Harrison, D., «Greek and Roman Lamps in The Abby Museum Caboolture», Mediterrianean Archaeology 9 – 10, 1996-1997.
-D' Arms, J.H., Performing Culture: Roman Spectacle and The Banquet of Powerfulin: The History of Art in: Ancient Spectacle, Washington,1999.
- Donahue, J.F., «Toward A Typology of Roman Public Feasting», American Journal of Philology 124, No. 495, 2003.
- Dillon, M., & Garland, L., Ancient Rome from The Early Republican to The Assassintation of Julius Caesar, Routledge, New York, 2005.
- Daly, K.N., & Rengel, M., Greek and Roman Mythology Ato Z, 3 editions, USA, 2009.
- Draycott, C.M., “Dining after Death”, In Minerva, 2015.
- Ederkin, W.G., Kantharos: Studies in Dionysiae and Kindred Cult, 1924.
- Edgar, C.C.M., Catalouge Gènèral des Antiquitès Égyptiennes Du Musèe Du Caire, No. 27631-28000 et 32368-32376, Greek Bronzes, Le Caire, 1904. 
Eraslan, S.Z., «Dionysus and Ariadne, the Light of Antiochia and Zeugma Mosaic», Antolia Antique, XXXIII, 2015.
- Fleming, S.J., «Savoring The Grape», Archaeology 54, No. 6, 2001.
-Franconi, T.V., “Provincial Cults of Mars”, In The Roman Empire, Art on The Periphery of Empire, University of Chicago Press, 2014.
- Greene, K., Roman Pottery, Interpreting the Past, University of British Museum California Press, 1992.
-Glenys, E.M. Wotton, «Representation of Musicians in The Roman Mime», Mediterranian Archaeology, 17, Festchrift in Honour of J. Richard Green, 2004.
-Grainger, S., «The Myth of Apicius», Gastronomica, Vol 7, No. 2, Spring 2007.
 - Geczi, J., thr Roman Rose: An Anthropological Approach, Pannon University, 2008.
-Gee, R., From Corpus to Ancestor: The Role of Tombside Dining in The Transformation of the Body in Ancient Rome, In: The Materiality of Death Bodies Burials Beliefs, Oxford, 2008.                                                    
- Hampson, R.T., Medii Aeui Kalendarium or Dates, Character and Customs of the Middle Ages, 1841.
-Hill, D.K., «Wine Ladle and Strainer from Ancient Time», The Journal of Walters Art Gallery 5, 1954.                                                                      
- Harvey, P., The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature, 1980.
-Herrman, J.J., “Pompeii AD 79”, Archaeology 31, No. 4, 1987.         
- Hayes, J.W., Handbook of Mediterranean Roman Pottery, London: British Museum Press, 1997.                                                          
  -Holiday, P.J., «The Sarcophagues of Titus Aelius Evangelus and Gaudenia Nicene», The Paul Getty Museum Journal 21, 1993.
- Hartinger, A., S., “Women in Early Christian Meal Gathering”, In Meals in Early Christian World, New York, 2003.
-Herafter, H.N., «Lead Poisoning in Ancient Rome», Acta Theologica Journal 7, 2005.
  - Hudson, N.F., «Changing Places the Archaeology of Roman Convivium», American Journal of Archaeology 114, No. 4, 2010.
- Harvey, B.K., Daily Life in Ancient Rome, Sourcebook, UK: Hackett Publishing Company, 2016.
-Jazdzewska, K., «A Skeleton at A Banquet, Death in Plutarch's Convivium Septum Sapientium», Phonix 67, No. 314, 2013.
-  Bussiere, J., & Whol, B.L., “Ancient Lamps”, In The Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, USA, 2017.                                                       
  -Kenneth, D.M., Scutella Patenna Patina Expedetion Magazine, Penna Museum, 1963.                 -…………….Liddle & Scott, Greek English Lexicon, Abridged, 2007. 
Lyon and et al, « Les Vases Italiotes Département des Antiquités », Bulletin des Musées et Monuments Lyonnais, Association des Amis du Musée des Beaux-Arts de Lyon, 1999.    
-Mckinlay, A.P., «Roman Soberity in The Comedies», The Classical Outlook American Classical League 27, No. 5, 1950.
-Mcculloch, J.A., The American Classical Outlook League 140, No. 3, November 1962.
- Marchovich, M., «Xenophanes on Drinking Parties and Olympic Games», lllinois Classical Studies 3, 1987.
-Morforod, M.P.O., & Lenardon, R.J., Classical Mythology, 6th edition, 1999.
-Merrony, M.W., “The Evolution of Pompeian Teaste”, MINERVA, The International Review Art and Archaeology 15, No. 2, 2004.
-Miller, J.F., “Roman Festivals” in Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greek and Rome, Oxford University Prees, New York, 2010.
- Martin, D., “When to Say When, Wine and Drunkeness in Roman Society”, Master of Arts, University of Messouri, 2010.                        
- Mathew, B.R., Dining Posture in Ancient Rome, Bodies Value and Status, Prinecton University Press, 2018.
- Oliver, A.JR., «The Changing Fashion of Roman Silver», Record of The Art Museum, Princeton University 63, 2004.
- Peachin, M., The Oxford Relations in The Roman World, Oxford University Press, New York, 2011.
- Redding, C., History and Description of Modern Wine, 3rd edition, London, 1851.
-Rostovtzev, M., The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire,1900.
- Rackhan, M.A., Pliny Natural History, Loeb Classical Library, 1945-1960.
 - Robinson.E., “Roman Cusine”, In Pompeii Revisited the Life and Death of a Roman Town, The University of Michigan, USA,1994.
- Roger, D., & Croire, C., Roman Art from The Louver, Published by American Federation of Arts, 2007.                                                                 
 - Robinson.T., Vulgar Display of Power: The Soundscape and Social Dynamics of a Roman Banquet, HIST 850, 2013.
- Roberts, P., Life and Death in Pompeii and Herculaneum, British Museum Press, 2013.
-Smith, W.A., Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London,1875.
- Seyffert, O., A Dictionary of Classical Antiquities Mythology Relegion Literature and Art, 3rd Edition, 1895.
- Staninou, Z., P., “Wine and Wine Drinking in The Homeric World”, In L’ Antique Classique, 2009.
- Smith, D.E., “The Graeco Roman Banquet as Asocial Instituation”, In Meals in The Early Christian World, New York, 2012.                   
- Standhartinger, A., “Women in Early Christian Meal Gathering”, In Meals in The Early Christian World, 2012.                                                                                                                                  
 -Schaefer, M.M., Woman in Pstoral Office: The Story of Santa Prassede, Oxford University Press, USA, 2013.
-Slightfoot, C., «Ennion Master of Roman Glass», Metropolitan Museum Journal, 2014.
  - Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars, Book Two: LXXI His Reputationtr, Kline, A, S.
- Stevenson, S.W., Dictionary of Roman Coins Repuplican and Imperial, d.t.
-Thompson, N.A., Roman Art a Resource for Educator, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, No. 45, 2000.                                                                                                                        
-Tuker, J.R., «From Field to Table: Visual Images of Food in The Western Empire», Master of Arts, University of Georgia, 2002.
- Trueman, C.N., «Roman Food History Learning Sit to co.uk », The History Learning Site 16 March:10, 2017.   
-Wetherell, J.E., Ciceros Cato Major De Senectute, 1883.                    
- Whitehouse, D., “Roman Glass”, In The Corning Museum of Glass 1, New York, 1997.        
- Winckelmann, M.M., The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greek and Rome 17, Oxford, USA, 2012. 
- Zaidman L.B. & Pantel, P.S., Religion in the Ancient Greek City, Translated by Paul Cartledge, Cambridge University Press, 1989, 28. 
-Zelazoski, J., & Twardecki, A., A New Funerary Stela in The Collection of the National Museum of Warsow, 1995.                                 
websites:
- http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/257437, access in (22/ 11/ 2020).
- https://www.historians.org/publications-and-directories/perspectives-on           history/september-2015/roman-vows-to-the-god-mercury-preserved-  in-silver-the-berthouville-treasure-on-exhibit-in-the-united-states, access in (23/ 3/ 2021). 
- https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2017/04/28/525892896/what-did-ancient-romans-eat-new-novel-serves-up-meals-and-intrigue, access in (23/ 3/ 2021).        
- http://www.vroma.org/images/mcmanus_images/marshall/marshall39a.jpg, access in (23/ 3/ 2021).