An Architectural Archeological Study of The Mausoleum of al-Iraqi in Beshla Village – Dakahlia Governorate 1236A.H. / 1821 A.D: A monument Studied for the First Time

Document Type : Original Article

Author

Assistant Professor of Islamic Archeology - Faculty of Archeology - Ain Shams University

Abstract

This research is a documenting study of one of the Mausoleums in the village of Bashla in Dakahlia Governorate, that has not been previously mentioned or studied in specialized literature, has not undergone any architectural measurement or holistic photography before, and is not registered in the records of the Ministry of Antiquities. This mausoleum is distinguished by the presence of a foundation text that was revealed and read for the first time by the researcher, bearing the date (1236 A.H. / 1820 - 1821 A.D.).It follows the common layout of the mausoleums of Delta in the thirteenth century A.H. / nineteenth century A.D. in terms of the square plan and the transition area that consists of four deep corner niches, while the dome took the polygonal shape that was found in many shrines of the same period. The importance of the document lies in revealing the identity of the shrine’s builder, his relationship with the (Bashla) village, and his economic role in it and in the neighboring villages and cities. The study suggested that this shrine is one of the shrines of the revelation that spread in Egypt in different eras, based on some archaeological indications and historical evidence that confirm the researcher’s view.

Keywords


References
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