Evolution of time measuring instruments since ancient times until the Ottoman clock towers

Author

Lecturer of Islamic Archaeological Inscriptions, Department of Archeology, Faculty of Arts, Minia University, Egypt

Abstract

This study is concerned with the tools and methods of calculating time. As we went back to the earliest times, we found that time was not important for primitive man, and then the modern age began, in which man settled relatively. The Egyptian civilization began to make its own clocks, and then the Greek and Roman civilizations developed various kinds of clocks. Plato invented a water clock and an alarm clock in Athens, and when we came to Islam, Muslims were in dire need of precisely defining the prayers. Hence, the Arabs were able to develop the time machines where the Muslim Philosophers set up a set of religious clocks. (9h / 15m), high towers that were located next to the main mosques in each city, The plan was a huge tower with a square base, and a tower opening to the bottom of the tower leading to the interior. Which includes a wooden ladder Construction of the building began in the Ottoman Empire in the middle of the 10th century AD? The Ottomans built towers in many cities, whether inside Turkey or the countries under their rule. Those towers which I will study and research

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

  1. foreign references

    1. A. King, David:, The Astronomy of the Mamluks, Isis journal 1981
    2. Ahmad Y, al- Hassan:, Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering, Institute for the History of Arabic Science, Aleppo University,1976.
    3. Ahmad Y al-Hassan؛  Donald R, Hill:, Islamic Technology: An Illustrated History, Cambridge University Press1986.
    4. Alexander, Hellemans ; Bunch, Bryan H :, The History of Science and Technology: A Browser's Guide to the Great Discoveries, Inventions, and the People Who Made Them, From the Dawn of Time to Today, Boston 2004.
    5. Ancient Calendars:, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2008
    6. Bruton،Eric:, The History of Clocks and Watches , Crescent Books, New York 1979.
    7. C.L, Stong :,"The Amateur Scientist" , Scientific American, 2005.
    8. Collectanea: Studia Orientalia Aegyptica, Cairo1970 .
    9. Donald. R Hill:, Arabic Water Clocks, University of Aleppo, Institute for the History of Arabic Science, Syria 1981.
    10. Donald. R Hill :, "Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Near East", Scientific American,1991.
    11. E.G, Richard :, Mapping Time: The Calendar and its History, Oxford University Press 1998.
    12. Encyclopædia Britannica:, Clockworks: Candle clock, Retrieved 16 March 2008.
    13. Gerald Whitrow:, Time in History: Views of Time from Prehistory to the Present Day, Oxford University Press1989.
    14. Gordon Campbell :,The Grove encyclopedia of decorative arts, vol.1, Oxford University Press, 2006 .
    15. Ibn al-Razzaz Al-Jazari:, The Book of  Knowledge of  Ingenious Mechanical Devices. Translated and annotated by:Donald R, Hill, 1974 .
    16. J.J O'Connor :, School of Mathematics and Statistics, "Theodosius biography", University of St. Andrews .
    17. John Lankford, Francis Taylor :, Time and timekeeping instruments", History of astronomy, an encyclopedia, 1997.
    18. John Richard, Hayes:, The Genius of Arab Civilization: Source of Renaissance. 2nd edition, MIT Press  .
    19. John William ,Humphrey:,  Greek and Roman Technology, A Sourcebook, Routledge 1998.
    20. Katie Hallam :, The Traveler's Atlas, Europe, Barron's Educational Series, London 2009 .
    21. Keith Flamer :, "History of Time". International Watch Magazine 2006.
    22. . Margaret .Mayall-W.;Mayall- R. Newton:, Sundials “Their Construction and Use, New York 2002 .
    23. Martin Gilbert:, Jerusalem" Illustrated History Atlas”, Macmillan Publishing, New York 1978.
    24. Moshe Gil- Ethel Broido: A History of Palestine, 634-1099,Cambridge University Press, 1992 .
    25. Nikolaus Himmler, Ruth Lochar, Hildegard Toma:, Museums of the World, Münih, Türkiye2008 .
    26. Noel Malcolm :, Bosnia "A Short History, London: NYU Press1996 .
    27. Otto E. Neugebauer :, A history of ancient mathematical astronomy, Birkhäuser1975 .
    28. Payson Usher :, A History of Mechanical Inventions, Courier Dover Publications 1988 .  
    29. S. Runciman :A History of the Crusades, Vol 2, The Kingdom of Jerusalem, London 1952 .
    30. Sevim Tekeli:, "Taqi al-Din", Encyclopedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures 2008 .
    31. T. K Derry:, A Short History of Technology: From the Earliest Times to A.D. 1900, Courier Dover Publications, 1993.

    websites:

    corum.kultur.gov.tr/yazdir

    1. Dolmabahçe Camii (Bezm-i Alem Valide Sultan Camii) - Dini Mekanlar - istanbul.net.tr
    2. https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B6%D9%86%D8%A
    3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/İzmir
    4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yıldız_Clock_Tower
    5. http://kayseriden.biz/icerik.asp?ICID=260
    6. https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antalya_Saat_Kulesi
    7. https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayseri_Saat_Kulesi
    8. https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tophane_Saat_Kulesi_Bursa
    9. http://www.turkishculture.org/architecture/turkish-culture-portal-456.htm  http://www.turkishculture.org/architecture/clock-towers/clock-towers-in-780.htm
    10. http://www.adana.gov.tr/?sayfa=3&alt=nufus
    11. http://www.turkishculture.org/picture_shower.php?ImageID=3805
    12. http://www.denizce.com/dolmabahcesarayi1.asp
    13. http://www.antalya.bel.tr/content.asp
    14. https://www.adwhit.com/Antalya-Tarihi-Saat-Kulesi
    15. http://www.geopostcodes.com/Jerusalem
    16. http://www.safed-home.com/historical-sites-of-safed.html
    17. http://www.coupony.com/nazareth-muni/articles.aspx?id=35&CatID=4
    18. http://www.turkey-post.net/p-89829
    19. http://yahalaistanbul.com/places/istanbul-kiz-kules

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics