foreign references
Hill, Richard. “Biographical, Dictionary of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.” Oxford,1951” pp. 224 ,254
- Holt, P. M. “a modern history of the Sudan from the Funj sultanate to the present day.”, London,1963, p.115
- Ibrahim, Hasan. "the policy of the condominium government towards the Mahdist political prisoners”,1898-1932, Sudan notes and records, no.55, vol, lv,1974, PP.33-445
- Rehfisch, F. “a sketch of the early history of Omdurman.” Sudan notes and records, no.45, vol, xlv,1964, p.35-47
- Steevens, G.W. “with Kitchener to Khartoum.” twenty-second edition, New York,1898,114
- Voll, John Obert.” Historical dictionary of the Sudan.” London,1978, p.28
- Wingate, F. R. “Ten years’ captivity in the Mahdi’s camp 1882-1892 from the original manuscripts of father Joseph Ohrawalder.” London,1986. pp.15, 313,324
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