Recreational Means among Arabs of the Arabian Peninsula before Islam during the Seventh Century AD

Document Type : Original Article

Author

Umm Al Qura University

Abstract

Recreation is undoubtedly essential for individuals, regardless of their position in life, whether rulers or subjects. Recreation, in its various forms, constitutes a significant aspect of human life, to the extent that it can be considered the other side of work. It is inaccurate to assume that all forms of recreation or entertainment are frivolous or a waste of time, as some might think. There are numerous positive aspects, particularly in recreational activities related to the arts, sports, and equestrianism. As it is said, no amusement is without benefit, and it is also said that a nation that does not know how to play does not know how to produce.
The Arabs of the Arabian Peninsula before Islam excelled in creating means to occupy their leisure time. Some of these means were ancient, such as literary and poetry gatherings, as well as drinking and musical gatherings, hunting, and racing. Others were adopted from the people they interacted with through trade, or political and social relations. These recreational means had a significant impact on the souls of the Arabian Peninsula's Arabs, both male and female. They were keen on practicing these activities in their leisure time and considered them a means of communication with family, relatives, and tribe members as well.

Keywords

Main Subjects


Refrances:
-  Anderson, R., ″Music and Dance in Pharaonic Egypt″, In Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, edited by Jack Sasson, USA: Hendrickson Publishers Inc, 1995. 
-  Colledge, Malcolm A. R., The Art of Palmyra, Thames and Hndson, London, 1976.
-  Bloom, J., & Blair, Sh., Islamic Arts, 1985.
-  Kilmer , A., ″Music and Dance in Ancient Western Asia″, In Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, edited by Jack Sasson, USA: Hendrickson Publishers Inc, 1995.
-  Mageed Khan, «Rook Art of Saudi Arabia», Arts 2, №.4, 2013, 447-472, DOI:10.3390/arts2040447.
The Holy Quran.
-  Ibrāhīm, Nawāl Muṣṭafā, al-Layīl fī al-Šiʿar al-Ǧāhilī, Jordan: Dār al-Yāzūy, 2009.
-  Ibn abī Šayba, ʿAbdullah bin Muḥammad, al-Kitāb al-Muannaf fī al-Aādī waʾl-Aār, vol.12, Reviewed by: Muẖtār al-Nadaw, India: al-Dār al-salafīya liʾl-ṭabʿ waʾl-našr, 1402.
-  Ibn al-Kalbī, Hišām bin Muḥammad, al-Anām, Reviewed by: Aḥmad Zakī Bāšā, Cairo: Dār al-kutub al-miṣrīya, 4th ed., 2000.
-  Ibn al-Ǧawzī, Ǧamāl al-Dīn abū al-Faraǧ ʿAbd al-Raḥman bin ʿAlī, al-Mutaim fī Tārī al-Mulūk waʾl-ʾUmam, Reviewed by: Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Qādir ʿAṭā& Muṣṭafā ʿAbd al-Qādir ʿAṭā, Vol.1, Beirut: Dār al-kutub al-ʿilmīya, 1412/ 1992.
-  Ibn Ḥabīb, Muḥammad bin ʾUmīya, al-Mabar, Reviewed by: Else Lichten Schnitter, Beirut.
-  Ibn Manẓūr, Abū al-Faḍl Ǧamāl al-Dīn Muḥammad bin Makram, Lisān al-ʿArab, Vol.2, Beirut: Dār al-fikr.
-  Ibn Hišām, Muḥammad bin ʿAbd al-Malik, al-Sīra al-Nabawīya, Reviewed by: Muṣṭafā al-Saqqā& Other, Cairo: Maṭbaʿat al-bābī al-ḥalabī, 1955.
-  Abū Dāwūd, Kitāb al-Ǧihād, Vol.4, Bāb al-Ramī.
-  Abū ʿAyāna, Fatḥī Muḥammad, Dirāsāt fīǦuġrāfīyat Šibh al-Ǧazīra al-ʿArabīya, Alexandria: Dār al-maʿrifa al-ǧāmiʿīya, 1994.
-  Abū Yaḥyā, Aḥmad Ismāʿīl, al-H̱ayīl fī Qaāʾid al-Ǧāhilayīn waʾl-islāmayīn, Reviewed by: Yāsīn al-Ayyūbī, 1sted., Beirut: al-Maktaba al-ʿaṣrīya, 1997.
-  Aḥmad, Nabīl Muḥammad ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, al-Malāʿīb fīʿAr Salāīn al-Mamālīk, Par.1, Cairo: Maktabat al-anǧlu al-miṣrīya, 2002.
-  .........., Riyāat al-ayīd fīʿAr Salāīn al-Mamālīk, Cairo: Maktabat al-anǧlu al-miṣrīya, 1999.
-  Ismāʿīl, Abū Bakr, Muʿālaǧat al-Islām li Waqt al-Farāġ, 2nded., Riyadh: Maktabat al-tawba, 1414.
-  Amīn, ʿAbd al-Qādir Ḥusayīn, Šiʿr al-ard ʿInda al-ʿArab Dirāsa Mushiba li Mutalaf al-ʿUūr al-Qadīma, Najaf, 1972.
-  Aws bin Ḥaǧar, Dīwān, Reviewed by: Muḥammad Yūsuf Niǧm, 2nded., Beirut: Dār ṣādir, 1967.
-  al-Asad, Nāṣir al-Dīn, al-Qiyān waʾl-Ġināʾ fī al-ʿAr al-Ǧāhilī, Cairo, 1969.
-  al-Aṣfhānī, Abū al-Faraǧ, al-Aġānī, Vol.1-5-15, Reviewed by: ʿAbd ʿAlī Mhnnā, Beirut: Dār al-kutub al-ʿilmīya, 1992.
-  al-ʾAṣmaʿī, Abū Saʿīd bin ʿAbd al-Malik bin Qarīb, al-H̱ayīl, , Reviewed by: Ṣāliḥ al-Ḍāmin, Damascus, 2009.
-  al-Aʿrābī, Abū ʿAbullah Muḥmmad bin Ziyād, Asmāʾ H̱ayīl al-ʿArab wa Fursānihā, Reviewed by: Ḥātim Ṣāliḥ al-Dāmin, 2nd ed., Damascus: Dār al-bašāʾir, 1430/ 2009.
-  al-Aġā, Ḥamza ʿAbd al-Karīm, «Wasāʾil al-Tarwīḥ bayīn al-Naẓarīya waʾl-Taṭbīq», Master Thesis, Islamic University, Gaza, 2016.
-  al-Andalusī, ʿAlī bin ʿAbd al-Raḥman bin Haḏīl, ulyat al-Fursān wa Šiʿār al-Šuǧʿān, Reviewed& Commented by: Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Ġanī Ḥasan, Cairo, 1951.
-  al-Alūrī, Adam ʿAbdullah, al-Islām wa Taqālīd al-Ǧāhilīya, Cairo, 1977.
-  al-Alūsī, Maḥmūd Šukrī, Bulūġ al-Arb, vol.1, Beirut: Dār al-kutub al-ʿilmīya.
-  al-Abšihī, Šihāb al-Dīn bin Aḥmad bin Manṣūr, al-Mustaraf fī kul Fan Mustaraf, vol.1, Beirut: ʿAlam al-kutub, 1419.
-  al-Amīn, Yūsuf Muẖtār, «al-ʿUṣūr al-Ḥaǧarīya fī al-Mamlaka al-ʿArabīya al-Suʿūdīy», Adumatu 8, Riyadh, 1424/ 2003.
-  al-Bār, Muḥammad ʿAlī, al-Madal li Dirāsat al-Tawrāh waʾl-ʿAhd al-Qadīm, Damascus: Dār al-qalam, 1990.
-  al-Buẖārī, Muḥammad bin Ismāʿīl, aī al-Buārī, vol.3, Reviewed by: Muḥammad Zuhayīr, Dār ṭūq al-naǧāh, 2001.
-  al-Baṭlayūsī, ʿAṣim bin Ayyūb, Šar al-AšʿāR al-Sitta al-Ǧāhilīya, vol.1, Reviewed by: Naṣīf Sulaymān ʿAwwād, Bagdad: Dār al-ḥurrīya liʾl-ṭibāʿa, 1979..
-  al-Baġdādī, ʿAbd al-Qādir bin ʿUmar, H̱izānat al-Adab wa Lab Lbāb Lisān al-ʿArab, Reviewed by: ʿAbd al-Salām Muḥammad Hārūn, vol.6, 4thed., Cairo: Maktabat al-ẖānǧī, 1997.
-  al-Bīrūnī, Muḥammad bin Aḥmad, al-Aār al-Bāqiya min al-Qurūn al-H̱āliya, Cairo: Maktabat al-ṯaqāfa al-dīnīya, 2007.
-  al-Bihqī, Abū Bakr Aḥmad bin al-Ḥusayīn bin ʿAlī, al-Sunan al-Kubrā, Reviewed by: Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Qādir ʿAṭā, vol.6, 3rded., Beirut: Dār al-kutub al-ʿilmīya, 1424/ 2003.
-  al-Tirmānīnī, ʿAbd al-Salām, al-Zawāǧʿind al-ʿArab fī al-Ǧāhilīya waʾl-Islām Dirāsa Muqārana, 1sted., Kuwait: Silsilat ʿālam al-maʿrifa, 1984.
-  al-Ǧāḥiẓ, ʿUmrū bin Baḥr al-Kinānī, al-ayawān, 7volls, 2nded., Beirut: Dār al-kutub al-ʿilmīya, 1424.
-  al-Ǧanābī, H̱ālid Ǧāsim, Tanīmāt al-Ǧayīš al-ʿArabī al-Islāmī fī al-ʿAr al-Amawī, Bagdad: Dār al-ḥurrīya liʾl-ṭibāʿa, 1984.
-  al-Ḥattā, Ḥannā Naṣr, al-Ibil al-ʿArabīya al-Aīla, 1st ed., Tripoli: Ǧrūs brūs, 1401/ 1990.
-  al-Ḥaddād, Fatḥī ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, «Awḍāʿ al-Mulūk fī Duwal Ǧanūb Šibh al-Ǧazīra al-ʿArabīya qabl al-Islām», Dirāsāt fī aār al-waan al-ʿarabī 5.
-  al-Ḥusayīn, al-Ḥasan, al-Bīzra, Commented by: Muḥammad Karad ʿAlī, Damascus, 1953.
-  al-Ḥaḍrāwī, Muḥammad al-ʿId, al-Madīna fī al-ʿAr al-Ǧāhilī- al-ayāh al-Adabīya, Damascus-Beirut: Mūʾasasat ʿulūm al-Qurʾān, 1982.
-  al-Ḥamīrī, Ǧamāl al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Malik bin Ayyūb bin Hišām, al-Sīra al-Nabawīya, vol.1, 2nded., Reviewed by: Muṣṭafā al-Saqqā& Other, Egypt: Maṭbaʿat Muṣṭafā al-Bānī, 1955.
-  al-Ḥanafī, Muḥammad bin Aḥmad bin Iyās, Badāʾiʿ al-Zuhūr wa Waqāʾiʿ al-Duhūr, vol.4, Reviewed by: Muḥammad Muṣṭafā& Mortis Super Nheim, Istanbul: Maṭbaʿat al-dawla, 1931.
-  al-H̱aṭīb, Muḥammad, al-Muǧtamʿ al-ʿArabī al-Qadīm, 2nded., Damascus: Dār ʿalāʾ al-dīn, 2008.
-  al-H̱aṭīb, Munḏir Hišām, Tārī al-Tarbiya al-Riyāīya, Mosul University, Dār al-kutub liʾl-ṭibāʿa waʾl-našr, 2000.
-  al-H̱ūlī, Amīn Anwar, al-Riyāa waʾl-aāra al-islāmīya Dirāsa Talīlīya Falsafīya liʾl-Mūʾasasa al-Riyāīya al-Islāmīya, Cairo: Dār al-fikr al-ʿarabī, 1995.
-  al-Dimašqī, ʿImād al-Dīn Ismāʿīl bin ʿUmar bin Kaṯīr, Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-ʿAīm, vol.2, 1sted., Commented by: Muḥammad Ḥusayīn Šams al-Dīn, Beirut: Dār al-kutub al-ʿilmīya, 1419/ 1998.
-  al-Dimarī, Kamāl al-Dīn Muḥammad bin Mūsā, ayāt al-ayawān al-Kubrā, vol.2, 1sted., Beirut, 2005.
-  al-Ḏīb, Sulaymān, Maniqat al-Riyā al-Tārī al-Siyāsī waʾl-aārī al-Qadīm, Maktabat al-malik Fahd al-waṭanīya, 2007.
-  al-Zubaydī, Muḥammad bin Muḥammad al-Ḥusaynī, Tāǧ al-ʿArūs min Ǧawāhir al-Qāmūs, vol.18, Dār al-hidīya.
-  al-Sāʾib, Hišām bin Muḥammad, Nasab al-H̱alīl fī al-Ǧāhilīya waʾl-Islām wa Abārihā Ruwāyat Abī Manūr al-Ǧuwālīqī, 1sted., Reviewed by: Nūrī Ḥammūdī al-Qaysī& Other, ʿAlam al-kutub, 1987.
-  al-Samrrāʾī, Muḥammad Raǧab, «al-Alʿāb al-Šaʿbī fī Muṣnnafāt al-Ǧāḥiẓ», Maǧallat al-aqāfa al-Šaʿbīya 7, Kingdom of Bahrain, 2009.
-  al-Samrrāʾī Muḥammad Raǧab, ayīd al-uqūr fī al-aāra al-ʿArabīya, 166, United Arab Emirates: Nādī turāṯ al-Imārāt, 2013.
-  al-Subkī, Tāǧ al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Wahāb, Muʿīd al-Niʿam wa Mubīd al-Niqam, Reviewed by: Muḥammad ʿAlī al-Naǧǧār& Other, 2nded., Cairo: Maktabat al-ẖānǧī, 1413/ 1993.
al-Saāwī, Muammad bin ʿAbd al-Raman bin Muammad, al-Qawūl al-Tām fī Fal- Ramī biʾl-Sihām, Maẖṭūṭa Muṣawwara fī Markaz al-Maẖṭūṭāt, Jordan University.
-  al-Saʿdī, Ġāzī, al-Aʿyād waʾl-Munāsabāt waʾl-uqūs al-Yahūdīya, Oman: Dār al-Ǧalīl, 1994.
-  al-Sahrūdī, Naǧm al-Dīn, al-Mūǧiz fī Falsafat wa Tārī al-Tarbiya al-Badanīya waʾl-Riyāīya, Mosul University: Dār al-kutub liʾl-ṭibāʿa waʾl-našr, 1980.
-  al-Sawwāḥ, Firās, Dīn al-Insān, Baḥṯ fī Māhīyat al-Dīn wa Manšaʾ al-Dāfiʿ al-Dīnī, 4thed., Damascus: Dār ʿalāʾ al-dīn.
-  ……....., Madal ʾilā Nuū al-Šarq al-Qadīm, 1sted., Damascus: Dār ʿalāʾ al-dīnw 2006.
-  al-Siyūṭī, Ǧalāl al-Dīn abū al-Faḍl ʿAbd al-Raḥman bin abī Bakr bin Muḥammad, al-Bāa fī Fal al-Sibāa, Reviewed by: ʿAbd al-Salām Muḥammad al-ʿAmir, Šabakat al-ʾalūka liʾl-našr (qism al-kutub), 1442.
-  al-Šarīf, Ṣamīm, «al-Mūsīqā fī al-ʿAṣr al-ʾUmawī», MUSIC LIFE 50, Damascus: Ministry of Culture, 2009.
-  al-Šihristānī, Muḥammad bin ʿAbd al-Karīm, al-Milal waʾl-Nial, vol.1, Mūʾasasat al-Ḥalabī.
-  al-Ṣāliḥī, ʿAbbās Muṣṭafā, al-Ṣayīd waʾl-ard fī al-Šiʿr al-ʿArabīattā Nihāyat al-Qarn al-ānī al-Hiǧrī, 1sted., Bagdad, 1974.
-  al-Ṣāniʿ, Muḥammad ʿAbdullah, al-Ibil al-ʿArabīya, Reviewed& Commented by: Sālim al-Mnnāʿī, 1st ed., Kuwait: Mūʾasasat al-Kuwayīt liʾl-taqaddum al-ʿilmī, 1983.
-  al-Ṭabarī, Muḥamad bin Ǧurayīr, Tārī al-Rusul waʾl-Mulūk, vol.2, 2nded., Beirut: Dār al-turāṯ, 1976.
-  al-ʿAyīb, Salwā biʾl-Ḥāǧ Ṣāliḥ, al-Masīīya al-ʿArabīya wa Tawwūrātihā min Našʾatihāʾilā al-Qarn al-Rābiʿ al-Hiǧrī/ al-ʿAšir al-Mīlādī, Beirut: Dār al-ṭalīʿa, 1997.
-  al-ʿAbbāsī, al-Ḥasan bin ʿAbdullah, Aār al-ʾUwal fī Tartīb al-Duwal, Reviewed by: ʿAbd al-Raḥman ʿImīra, 1st ed., Beirut: Dār al-ǧīl liʾl-našr waʾl-tawzīʿ, 1409/ 1989.
-  al-ʿAmirī, Dīwān, Lubayīd bin Rabīʿa, Reviewed by: Iḥsān ʿAbbās, Kuwait: Ministry of Guidance, 1962.
-  al-ʿAbdullah, Kāmil, Šuʿarāʾ min al-Māī, Dār maktabt al-ḥayāh, 1962.
-  al-ʿAzīz,, Nabīl Muḥammad ʿAbd, al-H̱ayīl wa Riyāatihā fīʿAr Salāīn al-Mamālīk, Cairo: Maktabat al-anǧlū al-miṣrīya, 1976.
-  al-ʿUbaydī, ʿAbd al-Ǧabbār Mansī, al-āʾif wa Dawr Qabīlat aqīf al-ʿArabīya min al-ʿAr al-Ǧāhilī al-Aīr wa attā Qiyām al-Dawla al-ʾUmawīya, 2nded., Riyad: Dār al-Rifāʿī, 1403/ 1983.
-  al-ʿAsqalānī, Aḥmad bin Ḥaǧar, Fat al-Bārī, Vol.2, Beirut: Dār al-maʿrifa, 1950.
-  ............, al-Iāba fī Tamīz al-aāba, Vol.2, 1st ed., Cairo: Maṭbaʿat al-saʿāda, 1328.
-  al-ʿAskarī, Abū Hilāl al-Ḥasan bin ʿAbdullah, Ǧamharat al-Amāl, vol.2, Reviewed by: Muḥammad abū al-Faḍl Ibrāhīm& ʿAbd al-Maǧīd Qaṭāmis, Beirut, 1988.
-  al-ʿAlawānī, Ḥamza ʿAllāwī, «Mašāhid al-Raqṣ fī Rusūm Dīġā», Journal of the University of Babylon for Humanities 1, vol. 28, Babylon, 2020.
-  al-ʿAmmūrī, Ḥadiyūš, Mabūʿat Muāarāt Miqyās Kurat al-Qadam, Institute of Physical Education and Sports/University of Algiers, 2019- 2020.
-  al-Ġirnāṭī, ʿAbdullah bin Muḥammad bin Ǧazzī al-Kalbī, Kitāb al-H̱ayīl Malaʿ al-Yaman waʾl-Iqbāl fī Intiqāʾ Kitāb al-Itifāl, Reviewed by: Muḥammad al-ʿArabī al-H̱aṭṭābī, Beirut, 1986.
-  al-Ġunīm, ʿAbdullah Yūsuf, Aqālīm al-Ǧazīra al-ʿArabīya, Kuwait, 1981.
-  al-Fayyūmī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm, Tārī al-Fikr al-Dīnī al-Ǧāhilī, 4thed., Dār al-fikr al-ʿarabī, 1415/ 1994.
-  al-Qudra, Ḥusayīn Muḥammad& Ṣadaqa, Ibrāhīm Ṣāliḥ, «Ṭaqṣ al-Ḥaǧ fī al-Nuqūš al-Sabāʾīya», DIRASAT HUMAN and SOCIAL SCIENCES 1, №. 31, Jordan.
-  al-Qarāb, Abī Yaʿqūb Isḥāq bin abī Isḥāq, Faāʾil al-Ramy fī Sabīl Allah Taʿālā, 1sted., Jordan: Maktabat al-manār.
-  al-Qazwīnī, Aḥmad bin Fāris bin Zakarīyā, Muǧmal al-Luġa, 2nd ed., Beirut: Mūʾasasat al-risāla, 1986.
-  .............., Muʿǧam Maqāīs al-Luġa, Reviewed by: ʿAbd al-Salām Muḥammad Hārūn, Beirut: Dār al-fikr, 1979.
-  al-Qazwīnī, Zakarīyā Muḥammad bin Muḥammad, ʿAǧāʾib al-Malūqāt wa Ġarāʾib al-Mawǧūdāt, Reviewed by: Fārūq Saʿd, 4thed., Beirut: Dār al-afāq al-ǧadīda, 1401/ 1981.
-  al-Qalqašandī, Aḥmad bin ʿAlī, ub al-ʾAʿšā fīināʿat al-ʾInšā, vol.13, Beirut: Dār al-kutub al-ʿilmīya.
-  al-Qunūr, Nāīf bin ʿAlī bin Muḥammad, al-Awāʿ al-aārīya fī Šamāl wa Šamāl Ġarb al-Ǧazīra al-ʿArabīya min H̱ilāl al-Rusūm al-arīya min al-Alf al-Rābiʿʾilā al-Alf al-ānī qabl al-Mīlād, Riyadh: al-Hayʾa al-ʿāmma liʾl-siyāḥa waʾl-turāṯ al-waṭanī, 1438.
-  al-Qayrawānī, al-Ḥasan bin Rašīq, al-ʿUmda fī Maāsin al-Šiʿr wa Adābih, Reviewed by: Muḥammad Muḥī al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd, vol.1, 5thed., Beirut: Dār al-ǧīl, 1401/ 1981.
-  al-Kātib, Maḥmūd bin al-Ḥasan, al-Maāīd waʾl-Maārid, Reviewed by: Muḥammad Asʿad Aṭlas, Bagdad, 1954.
-  al-Kinānī, al-Ǧāhiẓ ʿUmrū bin Baḥr al-Līṯī, al-ayawān, Reviewed by: ʿAbd al-Salām Muḥammad Hārūn, vol.6, Cairo: Maktabat al-bābī al-ḥalabī, (d.t.).
-  al-Laṭīf, ʿUṯmān Fāḍil ʿAbbās, «al-Yahūd fī Šibh al-Ǧazīra al-ʿArabīya qabl al-Islām fī Kitābāt al-Mustašriq al-Almānī Isrāʾīl Wilfinsun Dirāsa Tārīẖīya Taḥlīlīya», PhD Thesis, Faculty of Education/Tikrit University, 1439 AH/2018.
-  al-Misīrī, ʿAbd al-Wahāb Muḥammad, Mawsūʿat al-Yahūd waʾl-Yahūdīya, vol.5, 1sted., Cairo: Dār al-šarq, 1999.
-  al-Miṣrī, Iyād& ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, Muḥammad, «al-Mūsīqā ʿInd al-ʿArab waʾl-Anbāṭ», al-Maǧalla al-ʾUrdunīya al-Hāšimīya 1, vol.3, Jordan: Queen Rania Institute, 2020.
-  AL-MIṢRĪ, IYĀD& Muṣṭafā, Mirnā Ḥusayīn, Dalālāt al-Yad fī al-Muʿtaqadāt al-Dīnīya waʾl-Manūtāt al-Sāmiya, Queen Rania Institute/The Hashemite University of Jordan, Jordan.
-  al-Maqrīzī, Aḥmad bin ʿAlī bin ʿAbd al-Qādir, al-Mawāʿi waʾl-Iʿtibār bi ikr al-H̱ia waʾl-Aār, vol.2, 1sted., Beirut: Dār al-kutub al-ʿilmīyaw 1997.
-  al-Manāṣira, ʿIz al-Dīn, al-Samāʾ Tuġannī Qirāʾa fī Tārī al-Mūsīqā al-ʿArabīya, Jordan: Dār maǧidlāwī, 2008.
-  al-Muʿīnī, ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd, «Alāt al-Ġināʾ fī Šiʿr al-ʿAṣr al-Ǧāhilī», MUSIC LIFE 46, Damascus: Ministry of Culture, 2008.
-  al-Malāḏī, Suhayīl, «al-Ġināʾ waʾl-Mūsīqā ʿind al-ʿArab bayīn al-Ǧāhilīya waʾl-Islām», MUSIC LIFE, Damascus: Ministry of Culture, 2003.
-  al-Munḏir, Abū Bakr bin Badr al-Dīn al-Bīṭār al-Nāṣirī, Kāmil al-ināʿatayīn fī al-Bayara waʾl-Zardaqa, Reviewed by: ʿAbd al-Raḥman Ibrīq, vol.1, Aleppo, 1993.
-  al-Munḏarī, ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīm bin ʿAbd al-Qawī, al-Tarġīb waʾl-Tarhīb, vol.2, Cairo: Dār al-rayyān liʾl-turāṯ, 1407.
-  al-Nāširī, Taqy al-Dīn Ḥamza bin ʿAbdullah, Intihāz al-Fura fī al-ayīd waʾl-Qan, Reviewed by: ʿAbdullah Muḥammad al-Ḥabašī, Abu Dhabi, 2002.
-  al-Niǧramī, Ibrāhīm bin ʿAbdullah, Aymān al-ʿArab fī al-Ǧāhilīya, Reviewed by: Muḥib al-Dīn al-H̱aṭīb, 1sted., al-Maṭbaʿa al-salafīya, 1382.
-  al-Nuwīrī, Aḥmad bin ʿAbd al-Wahāb bin Muḥammad, Nihāyat al-Arb fī Funūn al-ʿArab, Reviewed by: ʿAlī abū Mlḥin, vol. 3, 1st ed., Cairo: Dār al-kutub waʾl-waṯāʾiq al-qawmīya, 1423.
-  al-Hāšimī, Riḍā Ǧawād, «Tārīẖ al-Ibl fī Ḍūʾ al-Muẖallafāt al-Aṯārīya waʾl-Kitābāt al-Qadīma», AL-ADAB JOURNAL 23, Baghdad University, 1978.
-  al-Hāšimī, Muḥammad ʿAlī, ʿUday bin Zayīd al-Šāʿir al-Mubtakir, Aleppo: al-Maktaba al-ʿarabīya, 1967.
-  al-Hamadānī, al-Ḥasan bin Aḥmad, al-Iklīl, vol.8, Commented by: Nabīh Amīn Fāris, Beirut: Dār al-ʿAwda& dār al-kilma.
-  ......., ifat Ǧazīrat al-ʿArab, Riyadh: Dār Tuhama, 1394/ 1974.
-  al-Hayṯamī, Nūr al-Dīn, Muǧammaʿ al-Zawāʾid wa Manbaʿ al-Fawāʾid, vol.5, Cairo: Dār al-rayyān liʾl-turāṯ, 1407.
-  al-Wīs, Kāmil Ṭahā, «al-Raqṣ fī al-ʿIrāq al-Qadīm», Maǧallat kullīyat al-tarbiya 1, vol.1, Bagdad, 2001.
-  Bāẖišwīn, Fāṭima ʿAlī, al-aǧ fī Nuqūš Ǧanūb Šibh al-Ǧazīra al-ʿArabīya, Riyadh: al-Ǧamʿīya al-Suʿūdīya liʾl-dirāsāt al-aṯarīya, 2001.
-  Bāšā, Aḥmad Taymūr, Liʿb al-ʿArab, Reviewed by: H̱alīl Ṯābit Bik, Cairo: Mūʾasasat hindāwī liʾl-taʿlīm waʾl-ṯaqāfa.
-  Bāšā, ʿAbd al-Raḥman Raʾfat, Šiʿr al-ard ʾilā Nihāyat al-Qarn al-āli al-Hiǧrī, 1sted., Beirut, 1974.
-  Perrin, Jacqueline, al-Fan fī Maniqat al-Ǧazīra al-ʿArabīya fī Fatrat mā qabl al-Islām, 23- 24, Sanaa: Markaz al-dirāsāt waʾl-buḥūṯ al-yamanīya, 1406.
-  Ǧumʿa, Ibrāhīm, «al-Aṭlas al-Tārīẖī liʾl-Dawla al-Suʿūdīya», King Abdulaziz Foundation for Research and Archives, 1sted., Cair: Dār al-kitāb al-miṣrī, 1398/ 1978.
-  Ḥāfiẓ, Muḥammad Maḥmūd Sāmī, Tārīẖ al-Mūsīqā waʾl-Ġināʾ al-ʿArabī, Cairo: al-Maṭbaʿa al-fannīya, 1971.
-  Ḥattā, Filīb Hūrī, Tārī al-ʿArab, Translated by: Muḥammad Mabrūk Nāfiʿ, Beirut, 1953.
-  Ḥasan, Ḥusayīn al-Ḥāǧ, aārat al-ʿArab fīʿAr al-Ǧāhilīya, 1sted., Beirut: al-Mūʾasasa al-ǧāmiʿīya liʾl-dirāsāt, 1984.
-  Ḥusayī, Ṭaha, Islāmīyāt, Beirut, 1967.
-  H̱ālid, ʿAbd al-Ǧalīl, «al-Mūsīqā al-ʿArabīya waʾl-Ifrīqīya»,  Maǧallat tanmiyat al-ibdāʿ al-aqāfī, 1st ed., Libya, 2003.
-  H̱ān, Maǧīd, al-Rusūm al-arīya limā qabl al-Tārī fī Šamāl al-Mamlaka al-ʿArabīya al-Suʿūdīya, Riyadh: Ministry of Education, 1414/ 1993.
-  H̱ān, Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Muʿīd, al-Asāīr al-ʿArabīya qabl al-Islām, Cairo: Maktabat al-ṯaqāfa al-dīnīya, 2005.
-  H̱alīl, ʿUmrū Zakarīyā, al-Aʿyād al-Yahūdīya, Cairo: al-Mūʾasasa al-miṣrīya.
-  Dġīm, Samīḥ, Adyān wa muʿtaqadāt al-ʿArab qabl al-Islām, Beirut: Dār al-fikr, 1995.
-  Raḥmūn, ʿAbd al-Hādī, «al-Aʿyād fī al-Diyāna al-Yahūdīya», Master Thesis, Ammar Thalji University, Laghouat - Algeria, 2015.
-  Zakarīya, Ašraf, «al-Tamāṯīl waʾl-Taškīlāt al-Ḥayawānīya waʾl-Ḥayawānīya al-Ṭābiʿ fī Miṣr wa Bilād al-Šarq al-Adnā al-Qadīm fī ʿUṣūr mā qabl al-Tārīẖ», PhD Thesis, Faculty of Archeology/Cairo University, 2000.
-  Zakī, ʿAbd al-Raḥman, al-Sayīf fī al-ʿAlam al-Islāmī, Cairo: Dār al-kitāb al-ʿarabī, 1957.
-  Zaīn al-Dīn, Ḥasan Faraǧ, ayīd al-Wuūš, 1sted., Egypt, 1971.
-  Sāʿātī, Amīn, al-Riyāa ʿind al-ʿArab fī al-Ǧāhilīya wa adr al-Islām, 1sted., Jeddah, 1402/ 1982.
-  Starkey, Jean, «al-Nabaṭ», Translated by: Maḥmūd al-ʿAbidī, Annul of the Epartment of Ntiquttes of Jordan, Jordan, 1970.
-  Saʿd al-Dīn, Šūq Asʿat, Mahārāt Mūsīqīya, Jordan: Dār diǧla nāširūn wa muwazziʿūn, 2014.
-  Suwīd, Muḥammad Nūr bin ʿAbd al-Ḥafīẓ, Manhaǧ al-Tarbiya al-Nabawīya liʾl-ifl, Reviewed by: Abū al-Ḥasan al-Nadawī& Other, 3rded., Damascus: Dār Ibn Kaṯīr, 1421/ 2000.
-  Sheikho, Louis, al-Narānīya wa Adābihā bayīn ʿArab al-Ǧāhilīya, 2nded., Beirut: Dār al-mašriq, 1989.
-  Ṣāliḥ, Māhir, «al-Furūsīya fī Raqṣ al-H̱ayīl», Al Funun Al-Shaabia 2, Cairo, 1965.
aī Muslim: Kitāb al-Imāra, vol.3, Reviewed by: Muḥammad Fuʾād ʿAbd al-Bāqī, Cairo: Maṭbaʿat ʿIsā al-Ḥalabī, 1374/ 1955.
-  ẒāẒā, Ḥasan, al-Fikr al-Dīnī al-Isrāʾīlī, Qism al-buḥūṯ waʾl-dirāsāt al-falasṭīnīya, 1971.
-  Ṭayarān, Sālim Aḥmad, Qirāʾa Ǧadīda liʾl-Naqš al-Sabaʾī  ja822 min Maʿbad ʾUm, al-Dāra 1- 2, 1421.
-  ʿAbd al-Ǧabbār, ʿAbdullah& H̱afāǧī, Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Minʿim, Qiṣṣat al-Adab fī al-iǧāz fī al-ʿAr al-Ǧāhilī, Cairo, 1400/ 1980.
-  ʿAbd al-Ḥakīm, Šawqī, al-Fluklūr waʾl-Asāīr al-ʿArabīya, 1sted., Cairo: Dār Ibn H̱aldūn.
-  ʿAbd al-Raḥman, Ibrāhīm, al-Šiʿr al-Ǧāhilī Qaāyāh al-Fannīya waʾl-Mawūʿīya, 1sted., Beirut: Dār al-nahḍa al-ʿarabīya, 1980.
-  ʿAbd al-Raḥman, Kamāl al-Dīn Muḥammad bin Muḥammad, Taysīr al-Wuūl ʾlā Minhāǧ al-ʾUūl, Reviewed by: ʿAbd al-Fattāh Aḥmad Quṭb, vol.2, 1sted., 1423/ 2002.
-  ʿIqāb, Fatḥīya, al-aǧ fī al-Fikr al-Dīnīʿind ʿArab Šamāl wa Ǧanūb al-Ǧazīra al-ʿArabīya min al-Qarn al-Sābiʿ qabl al-Mīlād ʾilā al-Qarn al-Rābiʿ al-Mīlādī, al-Ǧamʿīya al-Suʿūdīya al-aṯarīya, King Saud University, Riyadh, 1431.
-  ʿAlawī, Muḥammad Kāmil, al-Riyāa al-Badanīya ʿInd al-ʿArab, Cairo: Dār al-nīl liʾlṭibāʿa, 1947.
-  ʿAlī, Ǧawād, al-Mufaṣṣal fī Tārī al-ʿArab qabl al-Islām, vol.5, 3rded., Beirut: Dār al-ʿilm liʾl-malāīn, 1980.
-  ʿAwaḍ, Aḥmad ʿAbduh, al-Išārāt al-ʿIlmīya fī al-Qurʾān al-Karīm bayīn al-ʿIlm waʾl-Kawūn waʾl-Imān, Cairo: al-Maktaba al-qadīma.
-  ʿUn, ʿAbd al-Raʾūf, al-Fan al-arbī fīadr al-Islām, Dār al-maʿārif, 1961.
-  ʿIsawī, ʿAbd al-Raḥman, al-Islām waʾl-ʿIlāǧ al-Nafsī al-adī, Beirut: Dār al-nahḍa al-ʿarabīya liʾl-ṭibāʿa waʾl-našr waʾl-tawzīʿ, 1984.
-  Farmer, Henry, Tārī al-Mūsīqā al-ʿArabīya, Translated by: Ḥusayīn Naṣṣār, Cairo: Dār maktabat Miṣr, 1957.
-  Faẖrī, Aḥmad, Rila Aarīya ʾilā al-Yaman, Translated by: Hinrī Riyāḍ& Yūsuf Muḥammad ʿAbdullah, Reviewed by: ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm Nūr al-Dīn, 1sted., Sanaa: Ministry of Information and Culture, 1409/ 1988.
-  Farūẖ, ʿUmar, Tārī al-Adab al-ʿArabī, vol.1, Beirut: Dār al-ʿilm liʾl-malāīn, 1978.
-  .........., al-ʿArab fīaāratihim wa aqāfatihim, Beirut, 1966.
-  Qayīs, Maymūn, Dīwān al-ʾAʿšā al-Kabīr, Reviewed by: Muḥammad Ḥusayīn, Maktabat al-adāb, al-Maṭbaʿa al-namūḏaǧīya.
-  Kāmil, Maḥmūd, Taawwuq al-Mūsīqā al-ʿArabīya, Cairo: al-Hayʾa al-miṣrīya al-ʿāmma liʾl-kitāb.
-  Kḥāla, ʿUmar Riḍā, Mabāi Iǧtimāʿīya fīʿAlamay al-ʿArab waʾl-Islām, Damascus: Maṭbaʿat al-ḥiǧāz, 1394/ 1974.
-  Kaʿb bin Zuhayīr, Šar al-Dīwān, Reviewed by: Ṣanʿa al-Sukkarī, Cairo: al-Dār al-Qawmīya liʾl-ṭibāʿa waʾl-našr, 1965.
-  Knū, H̱ālid Suʿād, al-Alʿāb al-Riyīya wa Akāmihā wa awābiihā, 1sted., Dār al-nawādir, 2016.
-  Kuhn, Carlton, al-Qāfila Qiṣṣat al-Šarq al-ʾWsa, Translated by: Burhān Diǧānī, Reviewed by: Iḥsān ʿAbbās, New York - Beirut: Mūʾasasat Franklin liʾl-ṭibāʿa waʾl-našr wa dār al-ṯaqāfa, 1959.
-  Maǧmūʿat Mūʾallifīn, al-Mawsūʿa al-ʿArabīya al-ʿAlamīya, vol.27, 2nd ed., Riyadh: Mūʾasasat ʾaʿmāl al-mawūʿa liʾl-našr waʾl-tawzīʿ, 1419/ 1999.
-  Maḥmūd, Muḥammad ʿArafa, al-ʿArab qabl al-Islām Awālihm al-Siyāsīya waʾl-Dīnīya wa Ahm Maāhir aāratihm, Cairo: Ein for Human and Social Studies, 1995.
-  Masʿūd, MīẖāʾīL, al-Asāīr waʾl-Muʿtaqadāt al-ʿArabīya qabl al-Islām, Beirut: Dār al-ʿilm liʾl-malāīn, 1994.
-  Mhannā, ʿAbd al-Amīr, Abār al-Muġannīn waʾl-Muġannīyāt fī al-Ǧāhilīya waʾl-Islām, Beirut: Dār al-fikr al-libnānī, 1990.
-  Migolevsky, Asrār al-Aliha waʾl-Diyānāt, Translated by: Ḥassān Mīẖāʾīl Isḥāq, 4thed., Damascus: Dār ʿalāʾ al-dīn, 2009.
-  Nāfiʿ, Muḥammad Mabrūk, ʿAr mā qabl al-Islām, Mūʾasasat hindāwī CIC, 2017.
-  Hādī, Ḥasanīn ʿAbd al-Razzāq Ḥasan, Malāmi min ʿAdāt wa Taqālīd al-ʿArab qabl al-Islām 9, Vol.3, Faculty of Education/Al-Mustansiriya University, Baghdad, 2018.
-  Yucel, Onsal, al-Siyūf al-Islāmīya wa ināʿatuhā, Kuwait, 1988.
-  Yūnus, ʿAlī Ḥusayīn Amīn, al-Alʿāb al-Riyāīya Akāmihā wa awābiihā fī al-Fiqh al-Islāmī, 1sted., Jordan: Dār al-nafāʾis, 1423.